《红楼梦》第六回“贾宝玉初试云雨情,刘姥姥一进荣国府”,作者旁白曰:
按荣府中一宅人合算起来,人口虽不多,从上至下也有三四百丁;虽事不多,一天也有一二十件,竟如乱麻一般,并无个头绪可作纲领。正寻思从那一件事自那一个人写起方妙,恰好忽从千里之外,芥荳之微,小小一个人家,因与荣府略有些瓜葛,这日正往荣府中来,因此便就此一家说来,倒还是头绪。[36]
按“合抱之木,生于毫末”,由小民细事而敷陈一大故事,洵称大家手法。莎氏亦深谙此道,故以Bernado与Fransisco开场。Bernado与Fransisco职属王宫戍卫,与王子之挚友 Horatio一党同袍,哈姆雷特友视之而未寄腹心,正是刘姥姥一流人物。作者借彼演绎剧情,自可间而不离,以“零度写作”姿态悠然道来而渐入佳境矣。
非独如此,西方悲剧素有“歌队”之传统,作者以二三角色代表大众或理想人格,述评甚且介入剧中人事[37],实一己之化身而兼护符者也[38]。Horatio亦是一歌队人物,然其职能非限于此(后节当详论之); Bernado与Fransisco(包括Marcellus)则专属开场歌队,希腊悲剧《阿伽门农》开场之“守望人”及进场之歌队即为其典型,作者借其补叙必要之背景情节,并点染全剧之基调与底色。补叙之例,如Bernado向Horatio讲述鬼魂前两次显灵经过(I, i,28-38; c.f.id.77-78)[39], Marcellus与 Horatio一问一答,交代先王与挪威老王交兵本末(id.73-74 &id.95-108)并挪威王子复仇犯境(id.108-120)、举国匆忙备战之事(id.81-91)。点染之例,如 Bernado与 Fransisco换岗时之对白(id.8-11):
Fran.For this relief much thanks.'Tis bitter cold,
And I am sick at heart.
Ber.Have you had quiet guard?
Fran.Not a mouse stirring.
寥寥数语,凛冽之气沦肤浃髓,而全剧之肃杀氛围底定矣。寒天旷野子夜(c.f.id,48:“the bell then beating one”),故曰“bitter cold”;军事倥偬(c.f.id,8790:“……whose sore task/Does not divide the Sunday from the week./What might be toward,that this sweaty haste/Doth make the night jointlabourer with the day? ”),孤身执勤,且接连两夜均于此刻邂逅幽魂,自是“sick at heart”;怵惕以待,偏生万籁俱寂,更觉诡秘无端。有论者剖析造型艺术之特点,要在选择高潮即将到来前“最具生发性之刹那”(der prägnanteste Augenblick)[40];“not a mouse stirring”云云,悬扼反衬“山雨欲来风满楼”之势,正中“于无声处听惊雷”之谓也。
又,此处笔法与所谓“比兴”颇多契合,宜细加玩味。“比兴”为中国诗学一大关目,二者并称而有分,自《周礼·春官·大师》以降,意见猬集。《文心》作者综合平章,曰“起情故兴体以立,附理故比体以生”,又称“比则蓄愤以斥言,兴则环譬以记讽”(《文心雕龙·比兴第三十六》[41]);唐孔颖达则截断众流,以为“比之隐者谓之兴,兴之显者谓之比,比之与兴,深浅为异耳”(《左传·文公七年》[42]),一扫“美刺”陈说。宋人李仲蒙云:“索物以托情谓之比,情附物也;触物以起情谓之兴,物动情也”(王应麟:《困学纪闻卷三·诗》),是有胜义焉。今人叶嘉莹氏由心(情意)物(形象)关系立论,以“由心及物”者为“比”(如“飘飘何所似,天地一沙鸥”之类),“由物及心”者为“兴”(如“树欲静而风不止,子欲养而亲不待”[43]之类),其说亦庶几乎!
进而分疏之,则比兴不外意象譬喻,即今人所谓“symbol”、“metaphor”者也。孔颖达《毛诗正义》:“凡喻皆取其象”、“兴必取象”;南宋陈骙《文则·丙》:“《易》之有象,以尽其意,《诗》之有比,以达其情,文之作也,可无喻乎”[44];章实斋《文史通义·内篇·易教下》:“《易》象”与“《诗》之比兴”互为表里,“深于比兴”即“深于取象”[45]。并观三说,斯义居然可知。近世而降,学者采撷西学以反哺本土传统,于“比兴”新有发明。如朱自清撰《赋比兴通释》一文,以为后世“比兴”连称,而“兴”实则“譬喻”或“比体”之“比”[46]。朱氏所谓“兴”,闻一多名之曰“隐”,以为“隐”者《易》之象、《诗》之兴,亦即西人所谓意象、象征之类也[47]。
即以《哈》剧之开场而论,子夜之意境固无论矣;“'Tis bitter cold”者,《哈姆雷特》全剧之起兴也,隐寓隆冬末世之意象;“sick at heart”,兴而兼比者也,征象疾入膏肓之情境,二者与后文之“Something is rotten in the state of Denmark”(I,iv,100)、“in my heart there was a kind of fighting/That would not let me sleep”(V,ii,5-6)、“thou wouldst not/think how ill all's here about my heart”(id,211-212)反复映照,并遥领“O that this too too solid flesh”(I,ii,135-165)与“To be,or not to be”(III,ii,64-96)等冥思死亡之著名独白。但丁尝与人论文,谓文章具涵多重意义(polysemous),其极致者曰秘喻义(《致斯加拉大亲王书》[48]);“秘喻义”即现象学文论家所说之“形而上品性”[49],“Tis bitter cold”与“sick at heart”参差是已。
不宁惟是,《哈》剧之开场于后文仿佛anagoge,二者潜相呼应,适成就一“双重视域”(double vision)。北美宗教学者弗莱(Northrop Frye)谓基督教《圣经》之“真实本义”实为隐喻,即《新约》与《旧约》互文,其细节后前照应而不可一味托实,如《马可福音》一章六节云施洗者约翰衣驼毛、腰皮带而取食蝗虫野蜜(“Now John was clothed with camel's hair,with a leather belt around his waist”),即对应《列王记·下》一章八节中以利亚(Elijah)之形容(“A hairy man,with a leather belt around his waist”)[50]。按此说前人多有道及,第所用术语不同耳(中世纪之神学家固无论矣,17世纪哲人帕斯卡尔亦说约瑟乃耶稣基督之象征,二人事迹往往暗合云[51])。
请以此言《哈》剧开场与后文之互文关系。Horatio羽林流亚而有学者之目(c.f.I, i,51:“Thou art a scholar; speak to it, Horatio”),对观Ophelia称哈姆雷特兼美廷臣、战士、学者(III, i,161:“The courtier's, scholar's, soldier's, eye, tongue, sword”;c.f.V, ii,427-428:“Let four captains/Bear Hamlet like a soldier to the stage”)语,二者殆形之与影乎;Ophelia赞其“邦国之华”(III, i,161-164:“The expectancy and rose of the fair state, /The glass of fashion and the mould of form, /The observed of all observers”)云云,其才艺风姿可想而知,唯命运“坎陷”,竟无由从容展示耳(c.f.I, iii,20-21:“his will is not his own, /For he himself is subject to his birth”; V, ii,429-430:“he was likely, had he been put on, /To have proved most royally”)。
其次,开场始自凌晨子时前,而终于拂晓鸡鸣。子夜者,往日将逝未逝,来日象而未形之浑沌瞬间也[52]。剧情始于老王逝世下葬、新主登基新婚(c.f.I, ii,114 & 185187),此时阴谋肆逞而真相隐沦,亦可谓文本时间(texttime)之子夜时分矣[53]。幽魂出没,或即剧中黑暗势力(V, ii,68:“mighty opposites”)之隐喻;而金鸡一唱,阴氛为之廓清,剧中人物与台下观众咸得宽舒,岂非Fortinbras之化身欤?《哈》剧终场时,善恶、贤愚同归于尽,其不至“白茫茫大地真干净”者,盖有Fortinbras收拾残局故;其人血气方刚,好勇斗狠(c.f.IV, iv,5055:“a delicate and tender prince, /Whose spirit, with divine ambition puff'd, /Makes mouths at the invisible event, /Exposing what is mortal and unsure/To all that fortune, death, and danger dare, /Even for an eggshel”),特因偶然际遇,无意间促成所谓“永恒正义”,直是变形之“机关神”(deus ex machina)矣。“雄鸡一唱天下白”(c.f.I, I,181182:“But look, the morn, in russet mantle clad, /Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastward hil”),晓鸡体象阳明,此处铺陈其祛邪本领,并引耶稣诞生传说渲染祥和气氛(I, i,165170 & 173179):
The cock, that is the trumpet to the morn,
Doth with his lofty and shrillsounding throat
Awake the god of day; and at his warning,
Whether in sea or fire, in earth or air,
The extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confine……
……
Some say that ever, 'gainst that season comes
Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated,
The bird of dawning singeth all night long;
And then, they say, no spirit dare stir abroad,
The nights are wholesome, then no planets strike,
No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm,
So hallowed and so gracious is the time.[54]
参考译文:
报晓的雄鸡
用它那高亢洪亮的啼声
唤醒了白昼之神,
一听到它的警告,
那些天上地下、水里火里
四处游荡、为非作歹的阴魂
都退回了自己的地盘……
……
人们说,每年庆祝耶稣诞辰前夕,
晓鸡都会彻夜长鸣;
据说,这时候没有哪个鬼魂敢在外游荡,
整个夜晚太平无事,没有哪颗星对人不利,
也没有哪个精灵用妖术迷人,
巫婆的符咒也失去了魔力,
一切都圣洁而美好。
虽不无蔓衍,良有以也。