- 28天学会英语语法
- 李文昊 易人外语教研组
- 2731字
- 2020-08-29 11:57:53
7-3 虚拟语气的用法
1.虚拟语气在条件从句和结果主句中的用法
(1)表示与现在事实相反的条件或结果。
虚拟语气用在与现实相反的条件句中时,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were),结果主句的谓语动词用“should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”的形式。例如:
If l were you, l should not do such a thing.如果我是你的话,我就不会做这样的事。(美语一般用would,没有人称之分)。
If they had time, they would study Italian too.假如他们有时间的话,他们也会学意大利语的。
(2)表示与过去事实相反的条件和结果。
虚拟语气用在与过去事实相反的条件句中时,条件从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”形式,结果主句的谓语动词用“should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+have+过去分词”形式。例如:
He would have a chance to survive, if he had been taken to hospital in time.如果他被及时送到医院,他就有机会活下来。
(3)表示与将来事实可能相反的条件和结果。
虚拟语气用于与将来事实相反的条件句中,条件句的谓语动词用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were),结果主句用“should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形”的形式。例如:
If you dropped the glass, it would break.你如果将杯子掉下来,它就会打碎。If it were Sunday tomorrow, my sister would go shopping with her classmates.如果明天是星期天,我妹妹会和她的同学一起去购物。
注意:在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,条件从句的谓语也可用“were to+动词原形”(比较正式,常用于书面体中)和“should+动词原形”形式。表示假想性很强,实现的可能性很小。例如:
If you were to come tomorrow, I might have time to see you.你如果明天来,我或许会有时间见你。
If it should rain tomorrow, what would we do?明天万一下雨,我们怎么办?
2.有时条件从句中的动作和结果主句中的动作所发生的时间不一致
当条件从句中的动作和结果主句中的动作所发生的时间不一致时(比如一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的),虚拟语气的谓语动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如:
If he had followed the doctor's advice, he would be quite all right now.他当时若是听医生的话,现在就痊愈了。(从句说明过去,主句说明现在。)
If I were you, I would have gone to the theatre.假如我是你,我会去看话剧。(从句的时间包括现在,主句说明过去。)
If I were not busy, I would have come to see you.如果我不忙的话,我就去看你。(从句的时间说明过去,主句说明从过去持续到现在。)
If you hadn't helped me, I couldn't have finished it on time and most likely I would be still working now.假如你没有帮助我,我不可能按时完成工作,很可能现在还在干呢。(从句说明过去,主句说明过去和现在)
3.省去从句或主句的虚拟结构
虚拟语气结构中的从句或主句有时形式上可以省略,但意义上却仍存在。
(1)省去了结果主句的虚拟语气结构,常用来表示愿望。
If he were here!假如他在这里该多好啊!
If I had never married.如果我从未结婚就好了。
这种结构也常用if only开头。例如:
If only I were ten years younger!我要是能年轻十岁该多好啊!
If only I could speak several foreign languages!我要是能讲几种外语就好了!(用would/could表示将来)
If you would only try harder!你如果再努力一试就好了。(only亦可置于would等助动词之后)
If only you had told me the truth before.要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。(用过去完成时表示过去)
注意:有时if only只表示条件,不表示愿望。
If only I had known earlier, I'd have phoned you.我只要知道得早一点,就会打电话给你了。
(2)省去了条件从句的虚拟语气结构。
You might stay here forever.你可以永远待在这里。(省去了if you wanted或类似条件)
That would be fine.那就太好了。(省去了if you should do it或类似条件)
I would not have done it.我是不会做那件事的。(省去了if I were you或类似条件)
4.不用if的条件从句结构
在书面语中,条件从句有时可以不用连词if,而把谓语中的过去式were, had或should移至主语之前。但如果从句没有were, had或should,则一般不能这样做。例如:
Were I in your position, I would do as what he said.如果我处于你的地位,我就按他说的去做。
Had they not helped you, your project would have failed.如果没有他们的帮助,你们的项目是会失败的。
Should they come, tell them not to wait for me.他们要是来了,让他们别等我了。
5.用陈述语气表示条件和结果
在现代英语里,多用陈述语气表示条件和结果。陈述语气的条件和结果所表示的往往是事实。如果不是事实,其可能性也比虚拟语气大。例如:
If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go out.假如明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。
The dog won't attack you if you sit still.如果你安静地坐着,狗是不会咬你的。
6.虚拟语气和情态动词
虚拟结构(不论从句或主句)常可用情态动词的过去式,即could, might, would等加不带to的动词不定式或不带to的动词不定式完成时来作谓语动词。这些情态动词除表示虚拟结构外,本身还有独立的意思。例如:
If she were here, she might come with you.假如她在这里,她会跟你一起去的。
If I were you, I would join in the army.如果我是你,我就愿意去参军。
But for your help, we could not have succeeded.要不是你们的帮助,我们是不可能成功的。
If she left at six, she should arrive in time.如果她6点动身,就会按时赶到。
7.虚拟语气的其他用法
(1)虚拟语气用在主语从句中。
虚拟语气除主要用于条件句(即状语从句外),还可用于主语从句。在主语从句中,虚拟语气的谓语动词用“should+动词原形(或should+have+过去分词)”,或只用动词原形(尤用于美国英语中)。should在此状态下是时态助动词,本身没有实义,这种主语从句由连词that所引导,常用在It is natural(necessary, strange, important, essential impossible, possible)that...这类句型里。例如:
It was arranged that you should go and help Susan.已经做了安排,由你去帮助苏珊。
It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.必须马上解决这个问题。
t is strange that he should have gone away without telling us.真奇怪,他没有通知我们就走了。
(2)虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。
虚拟语气也能用于宾语从句中。下列三种宾语从句可用虚拟语气:
1)在动词wish后的宾语从句(常常省去连词that),表示不可实现的愿望。宾语从句中的动词如用过去式,则表示与现在事实相反;如用过去完成时,则表示与过去事实相反。例如:
I wish I knew my husband's secret.(= I don't know my husband's secret.)我要是知道我丈夫的秘密就好了。
I wish I were a scientist.(=I am not a scientist.)但愿我是个科学家。
注意:动词wish如果是过去式,后面宾语从句的动词的虚拟语气形式不变,仍用过去式或过去完成时。例如:
She wished she knew how to play golf.她多么希望会打高尔夫球。(和过去事实相反)
I wished I hadn't been so forgetful. Then I shouldn't have missed the concert.我要是不这样健忘该多好,那我就不会不去听音乐会。(和过去的过去的事实相反)
2)有时在宾语从句中可用would或might加动词原形,表示有可能实现的愿望。例如:
I wish he might stay with me.我希望他和我住在一起。
He wishes I would go with him.他希望我和他一起去。
3)动词demand要求,command命令,desire希望,maintain保持,urge鼓励,direct指导,arrange安排,suggest建议,order命令,insist坚持,propose建议等后面的宾语从句,用“should+动词原形”或只用动词原形来表示虚拟语气。
The expert proposed that children shouldn't spend much time on TV.专家建议孩子不要过多地看电视。
My little daughter suggested that we should hold a family meeting.我的小女儿建议我们今晚开家庭会议。
Most students insist that they should have more English classes.多数同学坚持要多上英语课。
(3)虚拟语气用在定语从句中。
虚拟语气也能用于定语从句中。通常用在It is time(that)...句型中的定语从句里。从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来,动词用过去式形式:意思是“该干某件事了,时间已经有些晚了”。例如:
It is time we left.我们该走了。