1.2 The Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion—Traces of Sage Confucius孔庙、孔林、孔府——圣人的足迹

曲阜的孔府、孔庙、孔林，统称“三孔”，是中国历代纪念孔子、推崇儒学的表征，以其丰厚的文化积淀、悠久历史、宏大规模、丰富文物珍藏以及科学艺术价值而著称。孔府有“天下第一家”之称，是孔子嫡系长期居住的府第，也是中国封建社会官衙与内宅合一的典型建筑。孔庙是我国历代封建王朝祭祀孔子的庙宇，位于曲阜城中央，是一组具有东方建筑特色、规模宏大、气势雄伟的古代建筑群，被古建筑学家称为世界建筑史上“唯一的孤例”。孔夫子生前在此开坛授学，首创儒家文化，为此后2000多年的中国历史深深地打上了儒学烙印。以孔子为代表的儒家文化，按照自己的理想塑造了整个中国的思想、政治和社会体系，成为整个中国文化的基石，因此有着5000多年悠久历史的曲阜获得了“东方圣城”的美誉。孔林是孔子及其家族的专用墓地，也是目前世界上延时最久、面积最大的氏族墓地。自汉高祖刘邦于公元前195年12月，以最高的太牢之礼亲自到曲阜祭祀孔子以来，无论太平盛世还是烽火连天，历代亲王都要亲自致祭，或派官员致祭。“三孔”因在中国历史和世界东方文化中的显著地位，而被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产，同时曲阜被世人尊崇为世界三大圣城之一。

As a heritage site embodying the core value of traditional Chinese culture—Confucianism, incorporating the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion, the property area covers all the necessary elements for demonstrating its historical values and setting. The Temple reflects the paramount（至高无上的）position of Confucianism in traditional Chinese culture. The Cemetery, as a graveyard for Confucius and his descendants（后代）, provides integral and most important material evidence for the development of the Kong Clan. The Kong Family Mansion, as the office and residence for the direct descendants of Confucius, testifies to the eminent status enjoyed by the Kong family in traditional Chinese society because of Confucianism.

The maintenance and protection of the property, which was never disrupted in Chinese history due to the property's great significance, reflect traditional Chinese conservation intervention methods. The property possesses high authenticity（真实性）in terms of design of the building complex, building materials used, continuity in construction technology, preservation of historical condition and as deliverer of spiritual values, which are all faithful expressions of traditional Chinese culture. Qufu, as the hometown of Confucius, has always been the most congregated inhabitation（居住）of his descendants, and today, the surroundings of the property still provides the most important residence for the offspring（后代）of Confucius. This social phenomenon and situation also contributes to the authenticity of the property.

Confucius (551—479 B.C.) was a renowned philosopher, politician, and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period. The system of belief that he created was adopted as the pre-eminent ideology in feudal（封建制度的）Chinese society for more than two thousand years: he was the "Sacred First Teacher" and "Sacred Model Teacher for Ten Thousand Years".

Two years after his death Duke Gun of Lu consecrated（献出）his former house in Qufu as a temple, within which were preserved his clothing, musical instruments, carriage, and books. Emperor Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.— 220 A.D.) visited Qufu to offer sacrifices to the memory of Confucius and his example was followed by high officials. The temple was rebuilt in 153 A.D., and it was repaired and renovated several times in subsequent（后来的）centuries. In 611 A.D. the Temple was rebuilt again, and this time the original three-room house effectively disappeared as a component of the complex.

Much enlargement and extension was carried out in the 7th—10th centuries; in 1012 during the Song Dynasty it was expanded into three sections with four courtyards, containing over three hundred rooms, and in 1194 a further extension increased the number of rooms to over 400. It was devastated by fire and vandalism（破坏他人财产的行为）in 1214, but rebuilding was commenced, so that by 1302 it had attained its former scale. An enclosure wall（围墙）was built in 1331, on the model of an imperial palace. Following another disastrous fire in 1499 it was rebuilt once again, to its present scale. Further fires resulted in the rebuilding on a more lavish scale of structures such as the Dacheng Hail. From the time of Liu Bang's visit, many Emperors visited the Temple to pay homage to Confucius, and it was given the highest rank among Chinese temples at a grand ceremony in 1906.

When Confucius died in 479 B.C., he was buried on the bank of the Si River, 1km north of Qufu, beneath a tomb in the form of an axe, with a brick platform for sacrifices. When Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.— 24 A.D.) accepted proposals to "eliminate the hundred schools of thought and respect only Confucianism", the Tomb became an important place of veneration（敬仰）and pilgrimage（朝拜）, and it was progressively enlarged and ornamented in the following centuries. By the 200 A.D., more than fifty tombs of Confucius's descendants had accumulated around the main tomb. Stelae commemorating him began to be erected in 1244 and in 1331 Kong Sihui began building the wall and gate of the Cemetery, and this work continued with the addition of gate towers, arches, pavilions, and the access road from the north gate of the city of Qufu (1594). By the late 18th century, the Cemetery was extended to cover an area of 3.6km, enclosed by a perimeter wall of over 7km.

The descendants of Confucius lived and worked in the Kong Family Mansion, guarding and tending the Temple and Cemetery, and were given titles of nobility by successive Emperors. The hereditary title of Duke Yan Sheng granted by Emperor Ren Zhong of the Song Dynasty (960—1279) was borne by successive direct male descendants until 1935, when the tide of the 77th generation direct descendant was changed to "State Master of Sacrifice and First Teacher".

The site of the Mansion was moved in 1377 a short distance from the Temple, with which it had formerly been directly linked. The new Mansion was expanded in 1503 to comprise three rows of buildings, with a total of 560 rooms, and nine courtyards. It was completely renovated in 1838 at Imperial cost, but the new structure was destroyed by fire in 1885, only to be rebuilt, once again at Imperial cost, two years later.

用英语畅谈The Temple and Cemetery of Confucius黄金句

☺ The Temple reflects the paramount position of Confucianism in traditional Chinese culture.孔庙彰显了儒家思想在中国传统文化中至高无上的地位。

☺ The Cemetery, as a graveyard for Confucius and his descendants, provides integral and most important material evidence for the development of the Kong Clan.孔林是孔子及其后人的墓地，为孔氏家族的延续提供了完整且最为重要的证据。

☺ Confucius was a renowned philosopher, politician, and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period.孔子是春秋时代著名的哲学家、政治家和教育家。

☺ Confucius was the “Sacred First Teacher” and “Sacred Model Teacher for Ten Thousand Years”.孔子被尊称为“至圣先师”和“万世师表”。

☺ From the time of Liu Bang's visit, many Emperors visited the Temple to pay homage to Confucius.自刘邦开始，许多帝王都会来孔庙祭祀，以表达对孔子的敬意。

☺ The descendants of Confucius lived and worked in the Kong Family Mansion, guarding and tending the Temple and Cemetery.孔子的后人居住、工作的地方就是孔府，他们守卫并照管着孔庙和孔林。

用英语畅谈The Temple and Cemetery of Confucius