2.1 引言引言引自于作者本人文章:梅亮,陈劲,盛伟忠.责任式创新——研究与创新的新兴范式[J].自然辩证法研究,2014,30(10): 83-89.

创新被认为是剧变环境之中提升竞争优势的关键因素Dess, G.G., & Picken, J.C.(2001).Changing roles: Leadership in the 21st century.Organizational dynamics, 28(3),18-34. Crossan, M. M., & Apaydin, M. (2010). A multi-dimensional framework of organizational innovation: A systematic review of the literature.Journal of management studies,47(6),1154-1191.,其不仅仅驱动经济的增长,同时促进可持续发展、改善健康与生活水平Owen, R., Baxter, D., Maynard, T., & Depledge, M.(2009).Beyond Regulation: Risk Pricing and Responsible Innovation.Environmental Science& Technology,18(43),6902-6906.。过去的一个世纪见证了新技术发展的浪潮,包括内燃机、原子能、分子生物技术以及信息技术革命的发展等Owen, R., Baxter, D., Maynard, T., & Depledge, M.(2009).Beyond Regulation: Risk Pricing and Responsible Innovation.Environmental Science& Technology,18(43),6902-6906.。技术的发展与创新的革命产生了危机。20世纪下半叶,科学与创新在研究政策中的交互性不断增强,技术创新的发展产生收益的同时衍生了大量的社会危害,研究与创新的责任议题受到广泛的关注Jonas, H.(1985).The imperative of responsibility: In search of an ethics for the technological age. University of Chicago Press. Beck, U.(1992).Risk society: Towards a new modernity (Vol.17).Sage.,相关责任议题涉及生物科学的基因研究Nelkin, D.(2001).Beyond Risk: reporting about genetics in the post-Asilomar Press.Perspectives in biology and medicine,44(2),199-207.、基因技术与基因工程Sutcliffe, H., &Director, M.A.T.T.E.R.(2011).A report on responsible research and innovation.MATTER and the European Commission.、原子能计划Weart, S.R.(1976).Scientists with a secret.Physics Today,29(2),23-30.、医学领域的病毒研究Kaiser, D., & Moreno, J. (2012). Dual-use research: Self-censorship is not enough. Nature,492(7429), 345-347.、纳米技术D'Silva, J., Robinson, D. K., & Shelley-Egan, C. (2012). A game with rules in the making-how the high probability of waiting games in nanomedicine is being mitigated through distributed regulation and responsible innovation. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,24(6),583-602.、合成生物Sutcliffe, H., &Director, M.A.T.T.E.R.(2011).A report on responsible research and innovation.MATTER and the European Commission.等新兴技术领域,以及信息与通信技术Stahl, B. C., Eden, G., & Jirotka, M. (2013). Responsible research and innovation in information and communication technology: Identifying and engaging with the ethical implications of ICTs.Responsible innovation,199-218.、金融产品Chesbrough, H. W. (2006). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.、公共政策或社群等服务创新领域Sutcliffe, H., &Director, M.A.T.T.E.R.(2011).A report on responsible research and innovation.MATTER and the European Commission.

传统的创新意味着发明创造到商业化的全过程Chesbrough, H. W. (2006). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.,关注于技术推动下工艺流程的改造与产品的输出。从本质来看,创新的成效依赖于事实检验,事实是对创新决策的最好支持,然而创新的成效检验是滞后的Sutcliffe, H., &Director, M.A.T.T.E.R.(2011).A report on responsible research and innovation.MATTER and the European Commission.,过去与现在的评估不能提供未来一个有效合理的引导Adam, B., & Groves, C. (2011). Futures tended: care and future-oriented responsibility. Bulletin of Science,Technology & Society,31(1),17-27.,创新过程的实质是一个未来导向的不确定性活动Owen, R., Macnaghten, P., & Stilgoe, J. (2012). Responsible research and innovation: From science in society science for society, with society.Science and Public Policy,39(6),751-760.。以新兴技术的创新为例,技术创新与管理模式陷入Hajer(2003)提出的“制度空白”之中,现有的制度结构或规则体系无法适应创新管理的要求Hajer, M.(2003).Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void.Policy Sciences,36(2),175-195.,其管理与控制的窘境开始受到科学的重视。研究的焦点在于证明新兴技术创新的影响,同时需要在技术开发的计划设置与技术轨迹的模块化推进中引入更多的公众参与,从而使创新走向满意的目标Fisher, E., Mahajan, R.L., & Mitcham, C.(2006).Midstream modulation of technology: governance from within. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society,26(6),485-496.。旧有的科学与创新治理模式开始向分散、开放的治理模式转变,关于如何将创新所产生的影响以及创新目标涉及的社会期望、社会接受等问题纳入研究与实践范畴的讨论,成为传统创新研究范式的重要延伸。

以知识与创新驱动经济发展的“智慧增长”战略Grguric, I.(2011).Europe 2020-European Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth.Revija za socijalnu politiku,18(1),119-124.为背景,欧盟“地平线2020”框架计划提出责任式创新现有的文献与政策报告涉及责任式研究与创新、责任式创新两个短语,并未作明确区分,下文会对其作解释。,并将其重要性提高至全球战略高度von Schomberg, R.(2013).A Vision of Responsible Research and Innovation.Responsible Innovation: Managing the Responsible Emergence of Science and Innovation in Society,51-74.,认为研究与创新必须有效地反映社会需求与社会意愿,反射社会价值与责任,作为政策制定者的职责在于建构治理框架以促进责任式研究与创新Geoghegan-Quinn. http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/geoghegan-quinn/headlines/speeches/2012/documents/20120423-dialogue-conference-speech_en.pdf.。基于宏观政策的关注与推动,过去两年,大量多层次的、非规范形式的科学与创新活动及其治理开始实行预见性、前瞻性的“责任”探讨,关注于科学创新活动中社会与政策的选择,以保证特定创新的稳定性,新的预测治理Karinen, R., & Guston, D. H. (2009). Toward anticipatory governance: the experience with nanotechnology. In Governing Future Technologies (pp.217-232).Springer Netherlands.、建构式、实时技术评估Uhl, D. M. A. (2012). Vision assessment: shaping technology in 21st century society: towards a repertoire for technology assessment (Vol.4).Springer Science&Business Media. Guston, D.H., &Sarewitz, D.(2002).Real-time technology assessment.Technology in society,24(1),93-109.、上游参与Wynne, B.(2002).Risk and environment as legitimatory discourses of technology: reflexivity inside out? .Current Sociology,50(3),459-477.、价值感知设计Van den Hoven, J., Lokhorst, G.J., &Van de Poel, I.(2012).Engineering and the problem of moral overload.Science and Engineering Ethics,18(1),143-155.、社会技术整合Fisher, E., Mahajan, R.L., & Mitcham, C.(2006).Midstream modulation of technology: governance from within. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society,26(6),485-496.等模型纷纷涌现,这些举动试图将科学与创新开放至一个更广泛公众参与与创造的过程情境之中Irwin, A.(2006).The politics of talk: coming to terms with the“new”scientific governance.Social studies of science,36(2),299-320.。从技术集成演化到欧盟社会科学计划,责任式创新反映出现有政策在处理存在道德争论的研究与创新时所产生的局限,如转基因生物Grove-White, R., Macnaghten, P., &Wynne, B.(2000).Wising up: the public and new technologies.、合成生物学Bhattachary, D., Calitz, J.P., & Hunter, A.(2010).Synthetic biology dialogue.Report.http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Reviews/1006-synthetic-biology-dialogue.pdf.、基因工程Shepherd, J.G.(2009).Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty.Royal Society.以及信息与通信技术Von Schomberg, R. (2007). From the ethics of technology towards an ethics of knowledge policy & knowledge assessment.Browser Download This Paper.等。这些技术创新本身的道德争论以及辐射而产生的社会影响激起了政策层面对于科学与创新责任、科学社会契约线性思考模式(科学、创新的自由需要以社会效应的影响为前提),以及对于创新治理范式中的风险评估规范重要性的讨论与再思考Stilgoe, J., Owen, R., & Macnaghten, P. (2013). Developing a framework for responsible innovation. Research Policy,42(9),1568-1580.。由此,科学、研究、创新不再聚焦于自身的行为准则,研究与创新的目的也不再仅仅关注于产出本身,不确定性、目的、动机、社会与政策影响、演化轨迹与发展方向等问题成为创新实施与治理的综合性影响因素。组织是否有能力界定研究与创新的适当结果与社会影响?如果支持某一项创新,我们如何能够成功地引导创新向有益的结果发展?Winner, L.(1978).Autonomous technology: Technics-out-of-control as a theme in political thought.Mit Press.诸如此类问题,成为责任式创新的关注要点。引导研究对于创新本质的思考,成为创新研究与治理的社会意义延伸与发展范式演化。

尽管责任式创新受到研究与政策的高度关注Li, F., Owen, R., & Simakova, E. (2015). Framing responsible innovation in synthetic biology: the need for a critical discourse analysis approach.Journal of Responsible Innovation,2(1),104-108.,并成为美国与欧盟科技政策的“流行语”(buzzword)Bensaude-Vincent, B.(2014). The politics of buzzwords at the interface of technoscience, market and society:The case of“public engagement in science”.Public Understanding of Science,23(3),238-253.,但现有研究存在不足:作为创新研究的新兴范式梅亮,陈劲.创新范式转移——责任式创新的研究兴起[J].科学与管理,2014,34(3):3-11. 梅亮,陈劲,盛伟忠.责任式创新——研究与创新的新兴范式[J].自然辩证法研究,2014,30(10):83-89.,责任式创新尚处于概念建构阶段Gianni, R., & Goujon, P.(2014).Governance of Responsible Innovation.,缺乏相关内涵的系统讨论Koops, B. J. (2015). The Concepts, Approaches, and Applications of Responsible Innovation. In Responsible Innovation 2 (pp.1-15).Springer International Publishing.,国内外学者也尚未对其概念解释达成共识杜鹏程,陈云,杜雪.国际责任式创新知识图谱研究[J].科技进步与对策,2016,33(13):6-13. 刘战雄.负责任创新研究综述:背景、现状与趋势[J].科技进步与对策,2015,32(11):155. 梅亮,陈劲,李福嘉.责任式创新:“内涵-理论-方法”的整合框架[J].科学学研究,2018,36(3): 521-530.,研究需要系统辨析责任式创新概念在理论和政策层面的区别以及概念基于不同理论视角的解释Burget, M., Bardone, E., & Pedaste, M.(2016).Definitions and Conceptual Dimensions of Responsible Research and Innovation: A Literature Review.Science and Engineering Ethics,1-19.,并系统比较“责任式发展”“责任式研究与创新”“责任式创新”之间的差异,以及责任式创新概念的相关研究议题,从而为理论、实践以及政策研究的展开等提供基础与借鉴。由此,本章聚焦“责任式创新是什么”的理论研究问题,系统讨论辨析责任式创新的概念内涵与相关议题。