四 谓语的重要特点

1.时态

英语中的谓语动词,不但能表达动作本身,还能通过形态的变化来表示这个动作发生的时间和状态,下面我们来看看谓语动词的不同形态是如何体现动作的时间与状态的:

要牢记每种动词形式所反映的动作发生的时间和状态,比如,was doing就表示“这个动作是过去发生且当时正在进行”。表格中加粗部分的形态及含义要尤其注意,因为这些时态出现频率是非常高的,例:

He works hard.他工作努力。

He is reading.正在阅读。

He has finished it.他已经完成了。

He has been writing it for two hours.他已经一直写了两个小时了。

He worked hard.他过去工作很努力。

He was reading last night.他昨晚在阅读。

He had finished it since you arrived.在你到达之时他已经完成了。

He had been writing it.他过去就已经一直在写了。

He will work hard.他努力工作。

He will be reading.(将)会在阅读。

He will have finished it by the time of tomorrow.明天之前他将完成。

He will have been staying there for ten years by the time of next month到下个月,他(将)已经一直待在那儿十年了。

He would work hard.他过去(将)工作努力。

He would be working hard.他过去一段时间努力工作着。

He would have finished it by the last month他到上个月为止就将完成任务。

He would have been staying there for ten years by the time of last month.到上个月为止,他(将)已经一直在那里待了十年之久。

2.语态

就像汉语中的“把”字句和“被”字句来表达动作的主被动一样,英语中也有主被动之分。英语中“被”字句的识别模式是“be+done”的结构,这种结构一律表示被动,例:

The floor was swept.

地面被扫了。

Knives are used for cutting things.

被用来切东西。

The work has been done.

工作已经被做了。

The students were given some advice by the teacher.

学生老师了一些建议。

3.过去分词与谓语动词过去式的区别

之前在讲谓语动词的快速辨别时,规则之一是to do/doing/done形式的动词一定不是谓语。细心的读者可能会发现,to do和doing形式的动词可以从形态上一眼看出来不是谓语,但是大多数动词的过去分词(done)和过去式(did)的形态是一样的,怎么样去区分一个句子中单独出现的v-ed形式的动词到底是过去分词还是谓语动词的过去式呢?记住以下2个原则:

a)在没有连词的情况下,一个句子只有一个谓语动词。

b)过去分词是被动关系,而谓语动词过去式是主动关系。因为过去分词(done)其实是被动语态be done的结构省略而来的。

下面我们来看一个简单的示例的分析:

The flower bought by my friend attracted a bee.

分析:首先,这个句子的主语是“The flower”,但一眼看去,这个句子里有两个动词,“bought”和“attracted”。这两个动词必然只有一个是谓语动词,另外一个是非谓语。不过,因为两个动词都是过去式,所以无法直接从形态上判断,只能分析这两个动词的主被动关系了。动词bought和the flower是被动关系,表示“被买”而不是“买”,因为花是不可能去执行“买”这个动作的,只能是被买。动词attracted和The flower应该是主动关系,因为是花吸引蜜蜂而不是花被蜜蜂吸引,这样一来,这个句子的成分分析如下:

The flower bought by my friend attracted a bee.

=The flower which was bought by my friend attracted a bee.

此外,还有一些快速区分过去分词(done)与谓语动词过去式(did)的小技巧:

· be动词的各种形式(am/is/are/was/were)一定是谓语;

· 情态动词(can/could/would/should/must等)所接动词一定是谓语;has/have/had一定是谓语;

· 第三人称单数的动词一定是谓语。

如果一个句子在没有连词的情况下,既出现v-ed形式的动词又有上述特征的动词的话,那么有上述特征的动词一定是谓语,这个v-ed形式的动词一定是过去分词。

 练一练

下列句子的动词用“  ”标记出过去分词(省略的被动语态),用“  ”标记出过去式。

1)The public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new,secular municipal authority.

2)Another visual signal produced by white-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape.

3)First,the chemicals deposited on the rub provided information on the individual identity of an animal.

4)Field experiments carried out by Charles Krebs and coworkers in 1992 provided an answer.

答案解析

1)The public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new,secular municipal authority.

=The public clocks which were installed in town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new,secular municipal authority.

2)Another visual signal produced by white-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape.

=Another visual signal which is produced by white-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape.

3)First,the chemicals deposited on the rub provided information on the individual identity of an animal.

=First,the chemicals which were deposited on the rub provided information on the individual identity of an animal.

4)Field experiments carried out by Charles Krebs and coworkers in 1992 provided an answer.

=Field experiments which were carried out by Charles Krebs and coworkers in 1992 provided an answer.