Digital Addictions Are Drowning Us in Dopamine
电子设备成瘾使我们沉溺于多巴胺中
By Anna Lembke
Over the course of my career as a psychiatrist, I have seen more and more patients who suffer from depression and anxiety. Their problem isn't trauma, social dislocation or poverty. It's too much dopamine, a chemical produced in the brain associated with feelings of pleasure and reward.
作为一名精神病医生,在我的职业生涯中,我看到越来越多的病人身受抑郁症和焦虑症的困扰。他们的问题不是因为精神创伤、社会脱位或贫困,而是因为多巴胺过量,这是一种产生于大脑之中,和人体愉悦感、回报感有关的化学物质。
When we do something we enjoy, the brain releases a little bit of dopamine and we feel good. But one of the most important discoveries in the field of neuroscience in the past 75 years is that pleasure and pain are processed in the same parts of the brain and that the brain tries hard to keep them in balance. Whenever it tips in one direction it will try hard to restore the balance by tipping in the other.
当我们做自己享受的事情时,大脑会释放少量的多巴胺,于是我们感到快乐。但过去75年神经科学领域最重要的发现之一,就是大脑中处理愉悦和痛苦的区域是相同的,而且大脑努力使二者保持平衡。当我们的情绪向一边倾斜时,大脑会通过倾向另一种情绪,竭力恢复二者的平衡。
Our brains evolved this fine-tuned balance over millions of years in which pleasures were scarce and dangers ever-present. The problem today is that we no longer live in that world. Instead, we now live in a world of overwhelming abundance. The quantity, variety and potency of highly reinforcing drugs and behaviors has never been greater.
我们的大脑在数百万年的时光里进化出了这种微妙的平衡。那时,快乐是稀缺的,而危险无处不在。如今的问题在于,我们不再生活在那个世界了。相反,我们生活在一个物质过剩的世界,从未有过如此数量庞大、种类繁多、效力强劲、能令人轻易上瘾的事物,包括一些药物以及上瘾性的行为。
Yet despite increased access to all of these feel-good drugs, we're more miserable than ever before. Rates of depression, anxiety and suicide are increasing all over the world, especially in rich nations.
然而,尽管现在更容易获取那些让我们感觉良好的事物,我们却比以往任何时候都更悲惨。抑郁症,焦虑症和自杀发生的概率在世界范围内都有所提升,尤其在一些富有的国家。
Just about all of us have a digital drug of choice, and it probably involves using a smartphone. Reducing phone use is notoriously difficult. But if we can keep it up long enough, the benefits of a healthier dopamine balance are worth it. Our minds are less preoccupied with craving, we are more able to be present in the moment, and life's little unexpected joys are rewarding again.
我们几乎所有人都对某种电子产品感到痴迷,其中很有可能包括智能手机。众所周知,少用手机非常困难。但如果我们能够坚持足够长的时间,一个更为健康、平衡的多巴胺水平所带来的益处是值得的。我们的头脑将不再被渴望占据,我们更能活在当下,生活中那些意想不到的小确幸也会再次让我们的内心丰盈起来。
生词好句
1.digital
英[ˈdɪdʒɪtl]美[ˈdɪdʒɪtl]
adj.数据的;电子的
2.addiction
英[əˈdɪkʃn]美[əˈdɪkʃn]
n.上瘾
拓展:
表达“......瘾“的方法:前面加名词或形容词作定语,或者后面加上介词to
drug addiction相当于addiction to drugs毒瘾
addiction本身作为抽象名词是不可数的,但当它指代的是某一种瘾的种类时是可数的。(类似于形容各种各样的鱼类时,用different kinds of fishes而不是fish)
3.drown
英[draʊn]美[draʊn]
v.淹死,溺死;(引申义)沉溺
拓展:
be drowned in something(某人)沉迷于某事
注意:它是中性词,既可以表示陷在某件事情里,上了瘾不能自拔。例如:
be drowned in computer games沉溺于电脑游戏(相当于be addicted to computer games)
addicted adj.入了迷的,上了瘾的
也可以表示沉浸在某件事情里,表示努力和专心。例如:
be drowned in work埋头工作
4.dopamine
英[ˈdəʊpəmiːn]美[ˈdoʊpəmiːn]
n.多巴胺(大脑释放的一种让人快乐的化学物质)
5.depression
英[dɪˈpreʃn]美[dɪˈpreʃn]
n.抑郁症
6.anxiety
英[æŋˈzaɪəti]美[æŋˈzaɪəti]
n.焦虑症
7.trauma
英[ˈtrɔːmə,ˈtraʊmə]美[ˈtrɑːmə]
n.精神创伤
拓展:
childhood trauma童年创伤
traumatic event创伤事件(造成精神创伤的事件)
traumatic experience创伤经历
8.social dislocation
社会脱位
拓展:
dislocation
UK /dɪsləˈkeɪʃn/ US /dɪsloʊˈkeɪʃn/
n.错位
location(n.位置)加上一个表示否定意思的前缀dis-
9.keep something in balance
让某事保持平衡
10.tip
英[tɪp]美[tɪp]
v.倾斜
11.restore
英[rɪˈstɔː]美[rɪˈstɔːr]
v.恢复
拓展:
restore order恢复秩序
restore confidence恢复信心
restore the glory of the old days恢复旧日荣光
12.evolve
英[ɪˈvɒlv]美[ɪˈvɑːlv]
v.进化;进化出(相当于produce或者develop)
13.fine-tuned
英[faɪnˈtʃuːnd]美[faɪnˈtuːnd]
adj.精细调整的
拓展:
tune n.曲子,曲调 v.给乐器调音,给电台调频(调整一个东西让它能够精确地发挥作用)
fine adv.精细地;很好地
fine art美术(绘画和雕塑的统称)
a fine skill精细的技能
fine sand细沙
fine edge锋利的刀刃
14.ever-present
英[evəˈprezənt]美[evərˈprezənt]
adj.一直存在的
拓展:
present adj.存在的
ever adv.一直地(always)
15.overwhelming abundance
极大丰富
拓展:
overwhelming
UK /əʊvəˈwelmɪŋ/ US /oʊvərˈwelmɪŋ/
adj.压倒性的,应接不暇的
overwhelm vt.(东西多到)让人喘不过气
abundance
UK /əˈbʌndns/ US /əˈbʌndns/
n.大量,充裕
overwhelming material abundance物质极大丰富
16.reinforcing
英[riːɪnˈfɔːsɪŋ]美[riːɪnˈfɔːrsɪŋ]
adj.强烈的;(本文)不断通过外在辅助手段让人感到快乐的
拓展:
reinforce
UK /riːɪnˈfɔːs/ US /riːɪnˈfɔːrs/
v.加强,使......更强烈
17.drug
英[drʌɡ]美[drʌɡ]
n.(泛指)药物
18.notoriously
英[nəʊˈtɔːriəsli]美[noʊˈtɔːriəsli]
adv.众所周知地;臭名昭著地
19.rewarding
英[rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ]美[rɪˈwɔːrdɪŋ]
adj.让人满足的;能给人带来回报的(satisfying)