2.Changes in African Security Situation and Policy Adjustments Facing The Belt and Road Initiative[7]

Africa is the continent with the most vulnerable security situation.Security issues such as conflicts between nations,civil wars and armed conflicts,and terrorism threaten the cause of peace and development in Africa.Africa has maintained a stable overall situation in 2019,but the security situation in some areas has deteriorated,and Africa's security cooperation policies have also been adjusted accordingly.

2.1 Generally Stable Security Situation in African

The overall stability of the security situation in Africa is mainly due to three favorable factors in the fundamentals of African security,namely,the transition of most countries'regimes is smooth,the signing of peace agreement in Central African Republic and in South Sudan,and the relaxation of the situation in East Africa and the Great Lakes region.

First,the election of major powers has smoothly consolidated the regional security mechanism.In 2019,more than 20 African countries held presidential or judicial elections,and all countries successfully carried out the transfer of power.For a long time,the most important factor affecting African security is regime change.The main purpose of military conflicts in Africa in the last century was the struggle for regimes,while regime change in the new century is often accompanied by bloody violence and even armed conflicts.In 2019,South Africa,Nigeria,Botswana,Mozambique and other countries successfully held presidential elections and maintained a stable situation before and after the election.In particular,it is worth noting that the ruling parties of the abovementioned countries still maintain their electoral advantages,and the reelection of national leaders has effectively guaranteed the politi cal stability of important African countries and key countries in the region.Regardless of population and economic s cale,or geopoliti cal influence in Africa as a whole,South Africa and Nigeria are the most important countries in Africa.The security policies of the two countries play a pivotal role in the entire African continent.Maintaining politi cal stability in Nigeria has positive significance for the continuity of African security policies on counter-terrorism,combating piracy,and combating organized crime,and has a positive impact on the continuity of security cooperation with neighboring countries.At the inauguration ceremony held inMay 2019,President Buhari stated that he would focus on tackling terrorist organizations such as the extremist armed group Boko Haram.[8]The two safety cooperation mechanisms in Lake Chad and the Sahel can operate stably.South Africa is the anchor of stability for the Southern African Development Community.South Africa's security and stability affects 16 member states.At the same time,President Ramaphosa played an active role in the Democratic Republic of the Congo(DR Congo),the Horn of Africa,and South Sudan.He also participated extensively in conflict resolution mechanisms such as the Libyan crisis,African anti-terrorism,and Burundi crisis.InMay 2019,Ramaphosa took office as President and announced that he would continue to maintain peace and stability and economic development in Africa,and strive to realize the African Union's Agenda 2063.

Second,the signing of peace agreement in Central African Republic and in South Sudan.The war problem in the Central African Republic has been going on for 8 years.The conflict caused the collapse of the national politi cal and economic order.Armed separatism has caused a large number of refugees to flood into neighboring countries such as Cameroon,Chad,and Sudan,posing serious security risks to neighboring countries.In January 2019,the Central African Republic government and 14 armed groups restarted peace talks in Khartoum,the capital of Sudan.On February 6,the parties signed the“Peace and Reconciliation Agreement”in Bangui,the capital of the Central African Republic,and reached consensus on the establishment of an inclusive government,power distribution,excessive justice,and amnesty for armed personnel.Encouraged by the peace agreement,583 armed men laid down their weapons in 2019 and Muslim refugees in the northeastern city of Bossangoa began to return.[9]The signing of the peace agreement by various factions in the Central African Republic will firstly facilitate the holding of a new presidential election in 2020 and realize the peace road map advocated by the international community.Secondly,it will help ease the security pressure on neighboring countries.Cameroon and Chad can concentrate on combating Boko Haram,DR Congo and South Sudan can devote more energy to solving the problem of domestic rebels.

In December 2019,South Sudan's President Salva Kiir and kiekMachar,former vice president and rebel leader have agreed to form a transitional unity government.The two sides have reached consensus on specific issues such as the allocation of ministerial positions,restoration of national divisions,and steps to stop armed conflicts.They successfully ensured the implementation of the“Addis Ababa Peace Agreement”,prevented the recurrence of large-s cale armed conflicts,and caused 800,000 refugees in exile to return home.[10]Since the outbreak of civil war in South Sudan in 2013,it has caused huge security risks to the country and neighboring countries.The civil war in South Sudan resulted in more than 2 million refugees and more than 6 million famine victims,becoming the armed conflict with the largest number of refugees on the African continent.The South Sudan issue has also caused mutual suspicion and tension between neighboring countries,which has put the issue of solidarity within the East African Economic Community to the test.The easing of the South Sudan issue in 2019 has had a positive impact on public security issues such as the return of refugees,the control of arms smuggling,and the fight against cross-border crimes,which has improved the relationship between neighboring countries.

Third,the situation in East Africa and the Great Lakes region has eased.Against the background of the United States imposing sanctions on DR Congo and pressure from neighboring countries,the major politi cal forces of DR Congo adopted active measures to distribute national power in an inclusive manner,and finally passed the constitutional crisis.In January 2019,DR Congo experienced a smooth transition of power after the election.Former President Joseph Kabila and current President Félix Tshisekedi have formed a relatively smooth cooperation in the distribution of power.The two sides cooperated to deal with other opposition forces and consolidated the politi cal stability of DR Congo.At the same time,the two sides have strengthened cooperation in gaining international support,which has greatly improved the international image of DR Congo.Thanks to the improvement of the politi cal situation at home and abroad,the DR Congolese government forces have increased their counterattack against the rebels.In November 2019,Ntaganda,a member of the“M23 movement”,was sentenced to 30 years in prison by the International Criminal Court for 7 war crimes and 3 crimes against humanity.The international pressure on the DR Congolese rebels has further increased.Although the rebels of various countries that have entrenched the eastern region of the DR Congo for decades still pose a regional security threat,the activity of various factions has declined in 2019.In order to further consolidate its advantages,since October 30,2019,the government army has increased its strikes against the armed group Allied Democratic Forces,occupying most of the Beni region.In October 2019,the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative for DR Congo Affairs and the head of the Stabilization Mission gave a positive assessment of the politi cal situation in the DR Congo at the Security Council's report meeting,saying that“The DR Congo government is moving towards sustainable peace and stability”.[11]Xia Huang,the Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Great Lakes Affairs,said that the Great Lakes region is ushering in a“window of opportunity”.[12]

The improvement in the form of security in East Africa is mainly due to the restoration of normal relations between Ethiopia and Eritrea.For a long time,the deterioration of relations between Ethiopia and Eritrea has contributed to the conflict between countries in the Horn of Africa,the terrorist activities in Somalia,and the war in South Sudan.After long-term efforts by the international community and regional countries,the dialogue between the two countries was promoted to achieve significant results in 2018.In 2019,the two countries continued to consolidate the foundation of mutual trust and formally established each other's embassies in December.The improvement of relations between Ethiopia and Eritrea is of great significance to the further stability of the security situation in Africa as a whole.The Prime Minister of Ethiopia therefore won the Nobel Peace Prize in October 2019.United Nations Secretary-General Guterres stated that“a strong wind of hope is blowing in the Horn of Africa.”[13]

2.2 Deteriorating Security Situation in Some Areas

Although the overall politi cal situation in Africa is tending to ease,the military conflict in Libya has intensified,the anti-terrorism situation in the Sahel and East Africa has become more severe,the piracy problem in the Gulf of Guinea is prominent,and lo cal hot spots in Africa cannot be ignored.

First,the military conflict in Libya has intensified.In recent years,the military conflict in Libya has been limited to the s cale of small-unit combat and terrorist attacks,but in 2019 it entered the stage of larges cale armed conflicts in the regular army.In January 2019,infighting broke out in the Libyan National Unity Government.Three deputy prime ministers and President Fayez Al-Sarraj broke out in open conflicts.The 7th Brigade,occupying the International Capital Airport,launched an international airport battle because the unity government suspended wages.The other four armed forces of the Capital Guard stood still.President Sarraj invited the Misrata Brigade and other lo cal armed forces to the capital to support,but the Misrata Brigade announced an alliance with the 7th Brigade and the“National Army”.In February,the“National Army”of the Eastern Armed Forces sent troops to occupy the Sephar area in the south,controlling 1.73 million square kilometers of the country's 1.76 million square kilometers,and all occupied Libya's most important oil-producing area,the Salalah oil field.In April,the“National Army”suddenly launched a military operation against Tripoli,the capital,hoping to unify the country in one fell swoop.In July,the“National Army”suffered setbacks in the street fighting in the center of the capital,and the front returned to the suburbs of the capital.In December,the Turkish President submitted a bill to the parliament,planning to send troops to Libya,and the offensive of the“National Army”was curbed.

The military conflict in Libya runs through the entire 2019,and firstly brought a huge impact on the military security situation of regional countries.In January 2019,the“National Army”launched a military operation in Sephar and clashed with Tuareg and Tubu tribes employed by the Unity government.Among them,more than 3,000 combatants from the two tribal armed groups of the Tuareg tribe returned to Niger and surrendered after clashes with the Niger government forces.As the Nigerian government forces have fewer combatants in the border areas than the Tuareg armed forces,the government forces in the north of the country were once under great pressure.More than 1,000 people from the four armed forces of the Tubo returned to Chad.They were attacked by the French garrison in the Ennedi region.Chad once declared a state of emergency in the three northern regions.Second,the conflict in Libya has further deepened the conflicts in neighboring countries.As Algeria,Egypt,Chad,Niger and other neighboring countries have close security and economic cooperation relations with the armed“National Army”in the east,and countries such as Morocco and Tunisia have close cooperation with the unity government.Therefore,North Africa and the countries of the Sahel region have formed a certain gap due to the conflict in Libya.In addition,many external powers such as Russia,Turkey,Italy,France,and Israel have intervened in the military conflict in Libya to varying degrees,making it difficult to resolve this issue within a regional framework.[14]

Second,the anti-terrorism situation in the Sahel and East Africa is grim.The anti-terrorism situation in the Sahel region is particularly severe in 2019.Terrorist activities have caused heavy casualties in many countries,and the relevant countries have experienced a“counterterrorism crisis”that has a serious impact.From the perspective of the scope of influence,terrorist organizations have formed lo cal military advantages inMali,Burkina Faso and Niger.Government forces,international counter-terrorism forces and regional counter-terrorism forces have been weak in response,and some areas have been occupied by terrorist organizations.Terrorist threats from neighboring countries such asMauritania,Côte d'Ivoire,and Senegal are increasing.Countries such as Togo,Benin,and Guinea have also begun to respond to the risk of terrorist attacks.In terms of manifestations,the military capabilities of terrorist activities have a tendency to improve.Armed personnel returning from the Islamic State and veterans returning fromLibya have strengthened the combat power of terrorist organizations,and can even suppress the United Nations and regional counter-terrorism fighters in some areas.In 2019,22 UN peacekeepers inMali died in the line of duty.Mali has become the most dangerous country for UN staff for six consecutive years.[15]In December,two helicopter gunships of the French army stationed inMali collided during an anti-terrorismmission,killing 13 people.In terms of organizational form,the anti-terrorist organizations in the Sahel region are becoming more fragmented.The traditional AlQaida and Islamic State are replaced by numerous lo cal extremist organizations.For example,the terrorist organization that launched a sniper operation against the U.S.Army in Niger and killed four U.S.soldiers was actually a terrorist force split from Boko Haram.This terrorist force has more than 3,000 combatants,and the territory under its control has expanded to nearly 10,000 square kilometers.The organization is nominally Al-Qaida in the IslamicMaghreb(AQMI),but only accepts financial support from Al-Qaida,and has politi cal,organizational,and strategic autonomy.

The anti-terrorism situation in East Africa also has a tendency to deteriorate further.First of all,in the second half of 2019,the frequency of attacks by the Somali Al-Shabaab continued to increase.On December 7,Al-Shabaab attacked a bus in Wajir County in northeastern Kenya,killing at least 10 people,including several police officers.On December 26,Al-Shabaab kidnapped two businessmen in the Liboi area along the Kenya-Somalia border.The largest recent attack by Al-Shabaab was a car bomb attack in Mogadishu,Somalia,on December 28,killing 79 people.At the same time,the Somali Al-Shabaab's weapons and tactics have improved.The combatants of the Al-Shabaab have low cultural quality and lack of training.It is difficult for them to gain an advantage in fighting against the Kenyan government forces.However,the recent terrorist attack plan launched by Al-Shabaab has been more detailed and the combat skills are more adept.In the course of the attack launched in Kenya,its own casualty rate has dropped.In addition,from the perspective of Al-Shabaab's targets,in recent years,AlShabaab's targets abroad have mainly been crowded markets,shops,and bus stations,and have rarely actively attacked military bases.Al-Shabaab attacked at least three military bases in 2019.Judging from the purpose of the attack,the main purpose of Al-Shabaab's attack on military bases was to snatch materials from the base.However,the purpose of the Somali Al-Shabaab attack on military bases in 2019 was to expel the garrison of Somalia or AU peacekeeping forces and occupy the territory.

Third,the problem of piracy in the Gulf of Guinea is salient.The piracy activity in Guinea was extremely rampant in 2019,causing a heavy blow to international shipping.According to statistics from the Commercial Office of the InternationalMaritime Bureau(IMB),the number of pirate attacks in the Gulf of Guinea accounted for 90% of the global pirate attacks in 2019,and the number of crew kidnappings accounted for 80% of the world.[16]Currently 121 crew members have been kidnapped.Due to the long-term politi cal turmoil in the Gulf of Guinea,civil war and terrorist activities are rampant,military expenditures of various countries are focused on the army.Weak maritime defense forces,coupled with the superimposition of poverty,high unemployment,and unbalanced tribal and regional development,have resulted in rampant piracy throughout the coastal areas of Guinea.Mauritania,Senegal,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Sierra Leone,Liberia,Côte d'Ivoire,Benin,Togo,Ghana,Nigeria,Cameroon,Equatorial Guinea,Gabon,Sao Tome and Principe,the Republic of Congo,DR Congo,Angola,Namibia and other countries have experienced pirate attacks.In November 2019,a Norwegian cargo ship in Benin waters was attacked and nine Filipino crew members were abducted.A Greek cruise ship was attacked in Togo waters and four crew members were abducted.In December,four ships were attacked in the port of Libreville,the capital ofGabon,with oneGabonese captain killed and four Chinese crew members kidnapped.

The severity of pirate attacks in the Gulf of Guinea is not only reflected in the large-s cale increase in the number of attacks,but also in the diversification of attack methods.In the past,pirates often attacked passing ships on the high seas,but recently they entered the port directly to carry out kidnapping and robbery activities,causing some international shipping companies to refuse to call at the national ports of the Gulf of Guinea.At the same time,a new feature of piracy in the region is that information and intelligence work is more accurate.Collusion between customs,border defense,and coastal defense personnel and pirates in many African countries has resulted in the actions of past ships being controlled by pirates.[17]In addition,pirates in the Gulf of Guinea are more inclined to take hostages and their attacks are more brutal.In the past,pirates in the Gulf of Guinea were used to seizing ships and looting supplies,but the risk of trafficking in supplies is increasing.Therefore,pirates began to tend to hijack the crew in exchange for ransom.During the kidnapping process,the pirates became more brutal and abused force,causing more casualties.

2.3 Africa Adjusting Its Security Cooperation Policy

The West's security cooperation in Africa is in a dilemma,showing that its peacekeeping operations conflict with the politi cal,security,and diplomatic strategic goals of African countries,triggering African countries to think about strengthening their peacekeeping capabilities.

First,Western anti-terrorism operations have triggered strategic conflicts.In Africa's consistent emphasis on independent development,the participation of the West is undoubtedly an important factor in triggering changes in the security situation in Africa.At present,it is mainly reflected in the following aspects.

1.The Western security policy conflicts with African countries.At present,countries in the African region generally recognize that insufficient social and economic development is the main cause of the prevalence of military conflicts and terrorism,and emphasize the use of economic means to supplement politi cal and military peacekeeping methods.In the report of the UN Security Council,in December 2019,leaders of African countries have repeatedly emphasized the important role of economic development in maintaining peace.However,the policy of Western peacekeeping and counter-terrorism operations in Africa is to eliminate factional conflicts through the distribution of politi cal power.Therefore,measures are taken to promote the signing of the peace framework by democratic means,and the military is to protect the human rights of various groups and tribes as the fulcrum.For example,the French Operation Barkhane targets terrorists who actively provoke the French army and lo cal militants who refuse to negotiate,and it is open to rebels who agree to join the peace process.At the same time,affected by the anti-terrorism policy,the French“Serval”garrison paid too much attention to politi cal means in anti-terrorism operations in West Africa,and not only allowed independent anti-government forces-the Coordination of Azawad Movements(CMA)to actually control the Kidal area,has also invited CMA to participate in politi cal negotiations on many occasions,which was strongly protested by theMalian government.In November 2019,France's diplomatic representative in the United Nations peacekeeping mission Xie Weiyong declared that he welcomed the separatist armed forces-Liberation Movement of Azawad(MNLA)to convene a conference.TheMalian government expressed strong opposition and expelled him.The United States has also shown its consistent security concept that human rights are greater than sovereignty on the DR Congo and Cameroon issues,which has been resisted by African countries.After the DR Congo fell into a constitutional crisis,the United States announced sanctions against the then President Joseph Kabila Kabange,theMayor of Kinshasa,the Minister of Defense and others,and tried to intensify the conflict between the successor President Tsisekedi and Kabila.Leaders of some African countries clearly expressed their opposition to this.At the United Nations Security Council meeting in September 2019,the United States tried to promote the United Nations to discuss the conflict between Cameroon's Englishspeaking and French-speaking regions,but it was opposed by South Africa and Equatorial Guinea and failed.[18]The United States has also tried to intervene in issues such as anti-government demonstrations in Ethiopia and terrorist activities in northern Mozambique,all of which have been resisted by African countries.

2.The security role of the West is in conflict with Africa.African countries have been striving to dominate the development direction of peacekeeping operations,trying to play the leading role in peacekeeping operations.However,Western countries occupy a dominant position in African peace and security affairs,which hinders the development of regional countries' counter-terrorism forces and the improvement of counter-terrorism capabilities.Since France's armed intervention in the war on terrorism in West Africa,it has been sending heavy troops to regional countries.Currently,Mali maintains 4500 combatants within the framework of a bilateral agreement,1400 troops in Chad,950 troops in Côte d'Ivoire,and 350 logistics and training troops in Senegal.The French Defense Minister stated that as of April 2019,France had completed 70% of its military operations inMali.At the same time,under the impetus of France,the UN Security Council passed Resolution 2100 on the deployment of peacekeeping forces toMali.Although France is not a major troop-contributing country,it occupies an important position in missions such as the Politi cal Department,Police Department,Civil Affairs Department,and Intelligence Department,controlling the development direction of UN peacekeeping operations.The strong involvement of the French military under the bilateral and UN frameworks has become the main force in regional counter-terrorism operations,while the anti-terrorist coalition forces of countries in the Sahel region(Mali,Niger,Burkina Faso,Mauritania,Chad)have received insufficient international attention.At the Dakar international Forum on Peace and Security in African in October 2019,the President accused the international community of not fulfilling only 20% of the peace funds promised in the agreement.In addition,France is also actively involved in G5 anti-terrorism operations,and through its strong support for the Chadian army to influence G5 military operations.Since the end of 2019,France's anti-terrorism operations in West Africa have aroused strong doubts.Anti-French demonstrations continued to erupt inMali and Niger.

Since 2007,the United States has invested US $500 million to equip and train more than 18,000 AU troops.With the support of the United States,the African Union Mission in Somalia,composed of the armed forces of Burundi,Djibouti,Ethiopia,Kenya and Uganda,launched an attack on the Somali Al-Shabaab.U.S.military operations are doped with too many geopoliti cal factors,and the intention to coordinate politi cal operations with military operations is obvious.Therefore,in East Africa and the Great Lakes region,some African countries have openly questioned the United States' role in peacekeeping and counterterrorism.Moreover,the U.S.military operations have incurred counterattacks from regional opposition forces,and U.S.military operations in Africa face more risks.As a result,since Trump came to power,the United States has gradually reduced its anti-terrorism support in Africa and is planning to reduce its military presence in Africa.Since 2006,the United States has successively established more than 60 small bases in Africa,including military camps,outposts,port facilities,and supply sites.At present,the US military retains 7,000 combat personnel in Africa,including 1,200 special forces for anti-terrorism,distributed in 35 African countries.However,the strength of the U.S.military is too scattered,and some of these bases have fewer than 100 combat personnel.For example,the U.S.military stationed in Somalia has only more than 40 members of the 101st Airborne Division,which is vulnerable to attacks by hostile forces.In June 2019,Waldhauser,commander of the African Command,announced that the U.S.military had begun to evacuate combat personnel from some bases.

3.The strong stance of the West triggered protests in Africa.Western countries have continued the histori cal tradition of strong control of African countries during the colonial period in the affairs of peace and security in Africa.They have violated the demands of the times of African countries seeking politi cal,diplomatic,and economic independence,and have stimulated opposition in Africa.France has signed secret military agreements with many African countries,dispatched consultants to African counter-terrorism departments and the armed forces,participated in formulating counter-terrorism policies,and guided counter-terrorism operations.The politi cal and military circles of West African countries have been dissatisfied with this.At the same time,in response to domestic politi cal needs,the French government has repeatedly evaded the problems that appeared in the anti-terrorism operations in West Africa,and blatantly criticized African countries,which further aroused the dissatisfaction of African countries.In December 2019,two helicopters of French troops stationed inMali collided.French media have accused African countries of lack of coordinated action.In the interview,French President EmmanuelMacron asked West African countries to state their positions on the issue of French garrison,and in a commanding tone,he asked the leaders of G5 countries to attend the peace summit in France in January 2020.In an interview with TV5,President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ofMali made it clear that G5 countries hope to be respected by France and that the antiFrench sentiment of the African people has risen.The African people are increasingly losing patience with the current anti-terrorism achievements of the French army.US military operations in Africa are mostly carried out under a bilateral framework,and criticisms in Africa have been more prominent.The United States has received support from Kenya,Rwanda,Uganda and other countries on the DR Congo issue.However,in 2019,the United States' hostile policy towards Kabila was criticized by neighboring countries.Some politicians asked the United States to withdraw its military personnel in the Great Lakes region.On the issue of combating the Somali Islamic Youth Party,the United States has a negative attitude towards Somali centrists,which is incompatible with the attitude of countries in the region to win the support of the majority.Therefore,countries such as Ethiopia have lowered the level of security cooperation with the United States.

Second,the strategic reflection of African countries.As the most direct victims of security issues,African countries have never stopped reflecting on security conflicts caused by external intervention.At present,African countries also hope to curb the wave of security risks and terrorist activities as soon as possible,and there is a trend of reflection and adjustment in international security cooperation strategies.It is embodied in the following aspects.

1.Treating anti-government and terrorist forces differently.Countries in the region recognize that the current international community's antiterrorism operations in Africa cannot completely eliminate the antigovernment forces,nor can they eliminate terrorism.Politi cal and military high-handed methods have instead pushed civilian armed forces into the arms of opposition and terrorist organizations.Therefore,the primary task of eliminating security risks should be to identify the order of strikes and to differentiate and absorb free civilian armed and terrorist organizations.In non-core combat areas such as DR Congo,Somalia,Mauritania,Senegal,Chad,and Côte d'Ivoire,the government army has devoted a lot of energy to attracting lo cal clans and religious forces,collecting civilian weapons,implementing de-radi calization strategies against terrorists,and relocating ex-combatants,and it has achieved good results.

2.Using economic development as the driving force to eliminate rebels and terrorism.In areas ravaged by anti-government organizations and terrorism,there are widespread high unemployment rates and people's livelihood difficulties.Natural disasters and food shortages are frequent,and different social groups use force to fight for survival resources,making rebels and terrorist organizations take advantage of the void.Years of turbulence and armed conflicts have led to the paralysis of social organizations,and it is even difficult for the government to provide social relief to these areas.In order to compete for popular support and soldiers with rebels and terrorist organizations,African governments have formulated plans to restore social order and organize economic production in turbulent areas.

3.It is hoped that the international community will reduce the misleading of regional security affairs.Western armed intervention in security affairs in various regions of Africa is certainly conducive to the relative stability of the regional situation,but it also hinders the implementation of regional solutions.First,the investment of Western military and humanitarian organizations has taken up limited regional resources and is not conducive to the implementation of regional programs.For example,the West has advantages in airport use and material procurement,making the government's anti-terrorist forces more scarce in resources.Second,Western intervention has expanded the inherent contradictions between regional countries and politi cal forces.Pro-Western and anti-Western attitudes have made the politi cal forces in Kenya,Ethiopia,South Sudan,Niger,Mali,and Burkina Faso more antagonistic.In addition,areas where anti-government armed forces and terrorist organizations are currently active are often the routes that Western colonists used to intervene in Africa,making African grassroots people often think of the process of colonial conquest.Therefore,among the results of the 2019 African security research,some African politicians even proposed that the United Nations peacekeeping missions should be withdrawn from Africa,while some think tanks put forward security concepts that are completely different from those of the West.For example,in the annual report of the African Security Institute,“Guinea Gulf should adopt a strategy of looking east to solve the piracy problem”.[19]

4.Strengthening regional security cooperation forces.The last thing African governments want to see is that although they have won civil wars and anti-terrorism wars,the West's military presence in Africa has become stronger and stronger,while their own military forces have become more and more fragile,ultimately leading to national sovereignty being controlled by the West.Therefore,all countries hope to conduct peacekeeping operations and war on terrorism with their own strength.African countries believe that they do not lack military forces.The main problems are insufficient military training,weak logistics and backward techni cal and tacti cal forces.Accordingly,in the counter-terrorism strategy of African countries,they are cautious about direct combat by external military forces,but welcome the military training provided by the international community,especially calling on the international community to provide financial,logisti cal and weapon support.