第5天 动词的语态

5-1 语态的构成

1．在英语中语态属于语法范畴

语态是动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态（active voice）和被动语态（passive voice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

Yesterday, I parked my car outside the school.昨天我把我的汽车停在学校外边了。（主动语态）

A sound of piano is heard in the adjoining room.听到邻居房间里有钢琴声。（被动语态）

2．被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成

如果有必要强调动作的执行者，则可用介词by引出的短语表示出动作的执行者。助动词be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。被动语态常可用于各种时态，但比较常见的有十种。

十种常见时态的主、被动语态：

（1）一般现在时。

主动语态：do

被动语态：am/is/are done

Our school doesn't teach Japanese．我们学校不教日语。

Japanese is not taught in our school．我们学校不教日语。

（2）一般过去时。

主动语态：did

被动语态：was/were done

My son broke the window．我儿子打烂了窗户。

The window was broken by my son．窗户是我儿子打烂的。

（3）一般将来时。

主动语态：will/shall do

被动语态：will/shall be done

Our school will hold sports meeting next week．我们学校下星期举行运动会。

The school sports meeting will be held next week．校运动会将在下星期举行。

（4）一般过去将来时。

主动语态：would do

被动语态：would be done

It's said that the government would build a new trade center in this city.据说，政府将在本市建立一个新的贸易中心。

It's said that a new trade center would be built in this city.据说，一个新的贸易中心将在本市建立起来。

（5）现在进行时。

主动语态：am/is/are doing

被动语态：am/is/are being done

They are building a hospital in the centre of the town．他们正在市中心兴建医院。

A hospital is being built in the centre of the town．市中心正在兴建一家医院。

（6）过去进行时。

主动语态：was/were doing

被动语态：was/were being done

They were discussing the teaching plan at that time.那时候他们正在讨论教学计划。

The teaching plan was being discussed at that time．那时正在讨论教学计划。

（7）现在完成时。

主动语态：has/have done

被动语态：has/have been done

The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it.教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。

The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned.教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了。

（8）过去完成时。

主动语态：had done

被动语态：had been done

She had not finished her homework when I got home.我到家的时候，她还没有完成她的家庭作业。

Her homework had not been finished when I got home.我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。

（9）将来完成时。

主动语态：will/shall have done

被动语态：will/shall have been done

They will have completed the expressway by the end of the next month.他们将会在下个月底建成这条高速公路。

The expressways will have been completed by the end of the next month.这条高速公路将于下个月底建成。

（10）过去将来完成时。

主动语态：would have done

被动语态：would have been done

They said they would have finished this project by the end of this year.他们说他们将于今年年底完成这项工程。

They said the project would have been finished by the end of this year.他们说这项工作将于今年年底完成。