第二章 营养相关因素

一、能  量

(一)背景
能量平衡对糖尿病一、二、三级预防均非常重要。既要调整能量摄入以控制体重在合理范围并改善不同疾病阶段的代谢状况,也要符合中国居民膳食推荐摄入量以获得在成人、儿童青少年及妊娠期等不同情况下各种营养素的合理摄入,预防营养不良 [1]。目前较理想的基础代谢能量测定方法为间接能量测定法,结合患者的活动强度、疾病应激状况确定每日能量需要量 [2,3]。由于间接能量测定法受仪器、环境等因素的限制,也可以采用经验公式进行估计,或者采用通用系数方法,每人按照25~30kcal/(kg IBW·d)计算推荐能量摄入,根据患者的身高、体重、性别、年龄、活动量、应激状况调整为个体化能量标准 [4]
(二)证据
个体化能量平衡计划,对于成人,目标是达到或维持理想体重同时不出现营养不良;对于儿童青少年,目标是提供充足的能量与营养保证正常生长发育而又不至于体重过多;对于妊娠糖尿病患者,则一方面要确保胎儿正常生长发育,另一方面也应使母体代谢状态得到良好控制 [5-7]。鉴于肥胖对胰岛素抵抗的影响,减重是糖尿病高危人群的重要治疗目标,但最优化的营养素分布和饮食模式尚未建立 [8]。短期研究表明,2型糖尿病患者适度减肥(减掉体重的5%)可减轻胰岛素抵抗,改善血糖和血脂水平,降低血压 [9]。长期研究(52周)显示,减重对2型糖尿病成年患者HbA1c的作用利弊共存 [10-12],一些研究结果受到药物减肥治疗的干扰。对80项减肥研究(历时均≥1年)的系统评价表明,通过饮食、饮食+运动或代餐可适度减轻体重并维持(12个月减轻4.8%~8%体重) [13]。极低能量饮食(≤800kcal/d),可迅速减轻2型糖尿病患者体重,改善血糖和血脂状况,但难以长期坚持且终止后容易出现体重反弹 [8]。因此,极低能量饮食不适用于长期治疗2型糖尿病,应当考虑结合其他生活方式干预措施 [14]。在执行个体化的饮食计划时应该包括食物选择的优化,如低血糖指数、富含膳食纤维的食物等,整体应符合中国居民膳食推荐摄入量(DRIs),以获得各种营养素合理摄入 [15-17]
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