第四部分　英国启蒙运动阶段

第10章　丹尼尔•笛福

10.1　复习笔记

I. Background Knowledge (背景知识)

(1) After the “Glorious Revolution”, England became a constitutional monarchy and power passed from the King to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers. The power struggle between the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories at times dominated the literature of the age.

(2) The Industrial Revolution started and transformed the socioeconomic texture of Britain, intensifying the contradictions between the rich and the poor.

(3) The rapid development of social life including the popularity of public coffee-houses and private clubs was typical of all English cities.

(4) The Enlightenment started in the 18th century, which fought against feudalism, emphasized reason, and believed in human beings’ innate kindness.

（1）1688年光荣革命后，英国从此成为君主立宪制国家，权力由国王转向议会和内阁大臣。两党之间的争权夺势不时主导着18世纪文学。

（2）工业革命兴起，彻底改变了英国的社会经济结构，加剧了贫富矛盾。

（3）英国城市中社会生活快速发展，例如大量公共咖啡馆和私人俱乐部的建立。

（4）启蒙运动开始于18世纪，它反对封建主义，强调理性，相信人性本善。

II. Literary Style of the Eighteenth Century (十八世纪文学风格)

(1) The coffee-houses’ chatting became popular among the middle classes, and thus appeared journals that provided information and criticism of contemporary topics. The typical one is The Spectator collaborated by Addison and Steele.

(2) Influenced by the Enlightenment, there appeared a group of neoclassicist writers who emphasized reason and rules for different genres. These writers included Pope and Samuel Johnson.

(3) Novel rose and developed in the 18th century, and became an important genre. In the 18th England, the novels included realistic novels, represented by Defoe, Fielding and Swift; sentimental novels, with Sterne and Goldsmith as the typical writers; Gothic novels, like The Castle of Otranto; psychological novels by Richardson.

(4) In the latter half of 18th century, pre-romanticism rose and gradually replaced the neoclassicism. Poets like Blake and Burns were the forerunners of the pre-romanticism.

(5) Compared with the development of the novel, drama of the 18th century was not a main genre.

（1）中产阶级在咖啡馆对时事的讨论成为时尚，由此产生了提供信息和评论的报刊。典型代表是艾迪生和斯蒂尔合办的《旁观者》。

（2）受启蒙运动的影响，英国文学出现新流派——新古典主义，他们强调理性和每个文学体裁的固定规则。新古典主义的代表是蒲柏和约翰逊。

（3）英国小说产生于18世纪，并成为一个重要的文学体裁。包括现实主义小说，代表是笛福、菲尔丁和斯威夫特；感伤主义小说，代表是斯特恩和哥尔德史密斯；哥特小说，如《奥特兰托堡》；心理小说，代表是理查森。

（4）18世纪后半期，前浪漫主义产生并逐渐取代新古典主义。代表诗人是布莱克和彭斯。

（5）与小说相比，18世纪的戏剧没有那么重要的位置。

III. Literary Terms (文学术语)

1．The Enlightenment Movement (启蒙运动)

(1) Enlightenment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century.

(2) Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.

(3) It celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.

（1）启蒙运动是一场进步的思想运动，盛行于法国，后在18世纪传播到西欧。

（2）它的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观点启蒙整个世界。

（3）崇尚理性、平等和科学，提倡大众教育。文学在当时变成了一种非常受欢迎的公众教育的手段。

2．Neoclassicism (新古典主义)

(1) The English neoclassicism predicated upon and derived from both classical and contemporary French models, embodied a group of attitudes toward art and human existence-ideals of order, logic, restraint, accuracy, correctness, decorum, etc. These neoclassicists include Pope and Johnson of 18th century.

(2) Drama: couplet instead of blank verse, the three unities of time, place and action, regularity in construction, and the presentation of types rather than individuals.

(3) Poetry: following the ancient divisions of lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by some peculiar principles.

(4) Prose should be precise, direct and flexible.

（1）英国新古典主义基于并源于古典文学和当代法国文学，代表了一类对待艺术和人类存在的态度：秩序、逻辑、限制、准确、正确、得体等。新古典主义者包括十八世纪的蒲柏和约翰逊。

（2）戏剧标准：偶句诗而非无韵诗；时间、地点和情节的统一；结构的规律性；类型刻画而非个体刻画。

（3）诗歌标准：依照古文学分类，诗歌应分为抒情诗、史诗、教诲诗、讽喻诗和戏剧诗，每一种都应受到特定规律的约束。

（4）散文标准：精确、直接、灵活。

3．Picaresque Novel (流浪汉小说)

The picaresque novel is a popular sub genre of prose fiction which depicts, in satirical, realistic and often humorous detail, the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his wits in a corrupt society.

As indicated by its name, this style of novel originated in Spain. Picaresque novel flourished in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and continues to influence modern literature. It is Smollett that often used this genre. His Roderick Random and Humphry Clinker are typical picaresque works.

流浪汉小说是小说的一种。它常用讽刺语气和现实幽默的写法来描写社会地位低下的流浪主人公的冒险经历。

该类小说源于西班牙。流浪汉小说在17、18世纪的欧洲盛行，并继续影响现代文学。斯莫莱特常用此体裁，他的《兰登传》和《亨弗利·克林克》是流浪汉小说的典型。

4．Sentimentalism (感伤主义)

The term sentimentalism is used in two senses:

(1) overindulgence in emotion, especially the conscious effort to stimulate emotion in order to enjoy it.

(2) An optimistic overemphasis on the goodness of humanity. The novel of sensibility was developed from this 18th century notion, manifested in the sentimental novel. Examples of sentimental novel include Laurence Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey and Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield.

感伤主义包括两层含义：

（1）过分沉溺于情感，特别指有意识地插入情感来享受其中。

（2）过于乐观地强调人性之善。感伤小说来源于感伤主义，代表作有斯特恩的《感伤的旅行》和哥尔德史密斯的《威克菲尔德牧师传》。

5．Pre-Romanticism (前浪漫主义)

In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement emerged in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the Enlightenment and by the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.

18世纪后期，欧洲兴起了一场新的文学运动，后人称之为浪漫主义复兴。这场运动以反抗启蒙主义，呼吁情感和激情为特征，以恢复对中世纪文学的兴趣为标志。在英国这场运动表现为诗歌中的前浪漫主义，其引领人为珀西、麦克菲森和查特顿，代表人物为布莱克和彭斯。

IV. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) (丹尼尔·笛福)

1．Life (生平)

Daniel Defoe was the son of a London butcher named Foe, and later added the aristocratic prefix. Defoe was a kind of jack-of-all-trades. He was a merchant, soldier, economist, politician, journalist, pamphleteer, publicist and novelist. He is also a radical Nonconformist in religion. His remarkable pamphlet supporting the free churches led to an imprisonment. After his release in 1704, he entered the government employed as a kind of spy or secret–service agent. At the age about 60, he turned to fiction, later gained enough fame and fortune, and retired to Newington where he lived in comfort.

丹尼尔·笛福生于伦敦，父亲是个姓福的肉商，后来他给自己的姓加上了贵族前缀。笛福是位多面手。他是商人、战士、经济学家、政治家、记者、宣传册作者、时事评论家和小说家。他也是激进的不信奉国教者。他一本有名的支持自由教会的小册子让他入了狱。1704年出狱后，他被政府雇佣为间谍或者说特工。60岁后，他转向小说写作，不久便名利双收，随后退隐纽因顿，生活十分惬意。

2．Literary Features and Achievements (文学特征及成就)

(1) Defoe’s puritan zeal for reform marks all his numerous works and accounts for the moralizing to be found everywhere.

(2) He had a keen eye for the picturesque and instinct for making a “good story”. His realistic stories drew on his prison experience and further knowledge of criminals.

(3) He gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel, as he helped to popularize the form in Britain, and is even referred to by some as one of the founders of the English novel.

（1）笛福对改革的清教热情是他众多作品的特征，也导致了文中随处可见的说教。

（2）他对生动形象的描述有敏锐眼光，也有一种直觉能写出好故事。他现实性的小说大多借鉴了他的监狱经历和对罪犯的深入了解。

（3）他因《鲁滨逊漂流记》获得了不朽的名声，也是早期小说践行者之一，他推动了小说在英国的流行，甚至有人称他为英国小说的创始者。

3．Major Works (主要作品)

Robinson Crusoe (1719)《鲁滨逊漂流记》

Captain Singleton (1720)《辛格顿船长》

Moll Flanders (1722)《摩尔·弗兰德斯》

Colonel Jacque (1722)《陆军上校杰克》

4．Selected Work (选读作品)

◆Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》

Defoe’s masterpiece Robinson Crusoe is based on the experience of Alexander Selkirk, who had been marooned in an island off the coast of Chile where he had lived in solitude for more than 4 years. He embellished the sailor’s true story with many incidents of his own imagination. So the novel reads like a true story.

The best part of the novel is the realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor.

Robinson Crusoe is a representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit. “Master” is the first word Friday learns from Robinson. Here lies colonization in term.

笛福的杰作《鲁滨逊漂流记》是基于亚历山大·塞尔柯克的真实经历，他被困在智利海岸线外的一个小岛上，在那里独居了4年多。他用自己丰富的想象力润饰了那位水手的真实经历，因此这部小说读起来像真实发生的一样。

小说最精彩的部分是鲁滨逊独自在荒岛上战胜无情自然的现实主义描述。笛福赞扬人类劳动。

鲁滨逊是英国资产阶级在发展早期的代表人物，他是最为实际最为精确的一个人，永远保持宗教信仰同时对于自己的利益十分留意。“主人”是礼拜五从鲁滨逊那里学来的第一个词，这反映了殖民主义思想。