第4天 情态动词和助动词
4-1 情态动词
1.情态动词的概念
情态动词是表示能力、义务、必须、猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词。常见的情态动词有:can (could), shall (should), will (would), may (might), must, need, dare, have to, ought to等。
2.情态动词形式变化
(1)没有人称和数的变化,第三人称单数的现在时也无变化。
I can, We can
You can
He / She / It can, They can
(2)有些情态动词有过去式,有少数过去式和它的原形相同。
1)有过去式的情态动词有:
will —— would
can —— could
may —— might
shall —— should
have to —— had to
2)过去式不变的情态动词有:
must —— must (或had to)
ought to —— ought to
need —— need
dare —— dare (亦可用dared)
(3)大多数情态动词后面可用动词的进行式、完成式和被动形式。
例如:can (may, must) be doing, can (may, must) have done, can (may, must) be done等。
(4)和助动词一样,情态动词后面也可以直接跟否定词not。现将情态动词的否定式及其否定式的简略式(简略式用于口语中)列举如下:
shall not —— shan't
will not —— won't
can not —— can't
must not —— mustn't
should not —— shouldn't
would not —— wouldn't
could not —— couldn't
dare not —— daren't
need not —— needn't
3.情态动词的特征
(1)情态动词表示说话人的语气或情态,本身有词义,但词义不完全,不能单独作谓语动词用,必须和实义动词一起构成复合谓语。
She must be your mother.
她一定是你的妈妈。(“must be + 名词”表示对现在状况的肯定推测)
Everyone should obey the rules.
每个人都应该遵守规定。(“should”表示一种客观规定)
(2)情态动词没有人称和数的变化,而且后面跟的动词需用原形。
You must follow my order.你必须服从我的命令。
She can finish the task on time.她能按时完成任务。
He might forget what you said.他可能忘记你说的话了。
(3)在肯定句中,情态动词一般放在主语之后,谓语动词之前:否定式构成是在情态动词后面直接加“not”;疑问句中,情态动词则在主语之前。
You had better think hard about it.你最好仔细想想。
You mustn't break the rules and regulations.你不准违反规章制度。
Can you take my advice?你能接受我的建议吗?
How dare you say like that!你怎敢那样说呢!
4.常见情态动词的用法
(1)can的用法:
can本身表示能力或可能性,用于指现在或将来。
1)表能力。
can表能力时可以用于各种句式。
I can play the violin.
我会弹小提琴。(肯定句)
I can't do anything without your help.
离了你的帮助我什么都干不了。(否定句)
Can you answer my question?
你能回答我的问题吗?(疑问句)
I can speak English and Japanese.
我会讲英语和日语。(表现在)
We can meet at the gate of our school this afternoon.
我们下午可以在学校门口见。(表将来)
2)表示可能性。
That can't be Susan-she has gone to America.
那不可能是苏珊——她去美国了。
You cannot always be a victor.
你不可能总是胜利者。
If it's raining tomorrow, the camping can be postponed.
如果明天下雨,野营可能会被推迟。
What can he mean?他可能是什么意思呢?
3)表示允许。
You can use my pen.你可以用我的笔。
Can you lend me a hand?你能帮我一把吗?
This sort of thing can't go on!这类事不能再继续了!
4)表示惊异、怀疑等。
Can he be serious?他当真是这个意思吗?
Can it be true?那会是真的吗?
How can she be so crazy?她怎么可能如此疯狂?
(2)could的用法:
could本身表示能力或可能性,多用于指过去,也可以用于指现在,指现在时通常表示虚拟或作为can的委婉形式。
1)表示能力。
The man said he could speak the vernacular.这个男人说他会讲本地话。
They said they could sing.他们说他们会唱歌。
Could the little girl write before she went to school?这小女孩上学前会写字吗?
2)表示可能性。
She could be right, I suppose.我想可能她是对的。
Don't worry, the river couldn't easily overflow.
别担心,河水不可能这么容易泛滥。
Could it be your grandfather?可能是你爷爷吗?
3)表示许可时could比can语气更为委婉。
Of course, you could borrow my car.你当然可以借我的车了。
Excuse me, could I use your phone?打扰一下,我能用一下你的电话吗?
My mother said I could go out to play.我妈妈说我可以出去玩了。
Could I help you?我能帮你干点什么吗?(比Can I help you?委婉)
4)表示惊异、怀疑,这种意义时,could和can可以互换,用could时语气较婉转。
Could it be true?可能是真的吗?
He couldn't be over eighty.他不可能有80多岁。
Where could he be now?他现在在哪呢?
5)用于虚拟句中。
You could have passed the oral exam if you had worked harder.
如果你再努力些的话,你原本是可以通过这次口语考试的。
If you could go, I should be glad.如果你能去,我就会很高兴。
(3)may的用法:
1)表示可能性,通常用于肯定和否定句中,表示现在或将来的可能性。
Don't worry, he may be stuck in the traffic jam.别担心,他可能堵车了。
She may not be at school.她可能不在学校。(表示现在的可能性)
比较:She can't be at school.
他不可能在学校。
Your teacher may pay a home visit to you tomorrow.
你老师可能明天会对你进行家访。(表示将来的可能性)
2)表允许,通常用于肯定句和疑问句中,也可用于否定句中,但不常用。
Your mother is so sad, so you may have a word with her.
你妈妈现在很难过,所以你可以去劝劝她。
You may come to see me if you wish.你想来看我就来吧。
May I smoke here?我可以在这儿抽烟吗?(比Can I smoke here?更礼貌)
You may not park here.你不可以在这儿停车。
3)表愿望。
May the seasons joy fill you all the year round.愿节日的愉快伴你一生。
May the joy and happiness around you today and always.愿快乐幸福永伴你左右。
4)在表示目的或让步的状语从句中构成谓语。
Phone our boss at once so that he may get latest information.
马上打电话给我们老板使他能够得到最新的信息。
Try to encourage her so that she may succeed in her exams.
多多鼓励她使她能成功通过考试。
Come what may, I won't leave you alone.
不管发生什么情况,我都不会丢下你不管的。
5)与well, as well或just as well连用,表示“完全有理由”或“还是……的好”。
You may as well tell him the truth.
你还是告诉他实话为好。
His appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him.
他的外貌变化很大,你很可能认不出他来。
(4)might的用法:
1)表可能。
The police might come soon.警察也许马上就会来。
The teacher might be ill.老师或许生病了吧。
Juliet might be playing the piano now.朱丽叶也许正在弹钢琴吧。
The leader might have talked to him last night.领导昨晚或许同他谈过话吧。
2)表责备时与动词的完成形式连用。
You might have considered your mother's feeling.你本应该考虑你母亲的感受。
You might have helped me.你满可以帮我一把嘛。
3)表许可。
表许可时might比may语气更为委婉。
Might I join you?我可以加入你们吗?
Might I make a suggestion?我可以提个建议吗?
Might I ask you a favour?我可以请你帮个忙吗?
4)用于虚拟句中。
might能用于虚拟语句中,而may不可以。
It might help a little if you would only keep clean.
你只要愿意保持清洁,情况或许就会好一些。
5)与well, as well或just as well连用,表示“有理由”、“不如”,比may更婉转。
I might as well visit you tonight.我今晚还是去拜访你吧。
(5)must的用法:
1)表示必须。
must表示现在或将来必须要做某事,这种必须多是出于义务,责任或强制命令。表示这个意义时,must用于一般式、肯定句和疑问句。
You must finish your work first if you want to go home.
如果你要回家,你必须先完成你的工作。
Students must obey our school's rules and regulations.
学生必须要服从我们学校的规章制度。
You must talk to your son about his future.
你必须跟你的儿子谈谈他的前途。
Must he do it himself?
他必须亲自干那事吗?
2)mustn't表示禁止。
You mustn't smoke in here.
你不准在这里抽烟。
He mustn't enter this room.
他不得进入这个房间。
You mustn't open the oven door before the cake is ready.
蛋糕未熟不得打开烤箱的门。
3)表建议。
表这个意义时,must用于一般式、肯定句和否定句。
I must ask you not to do that again.
我得劝你不要再做那种事情了。
You must read this book—it's so interesting.
你一定要看看这本书——太有趣了。
You mustn't miss the film. It is excellent.
你不可错过那个影片。它非常精彩。
4)表推测。
暗含很大的可能性。表这个意义时,must仅用于肯定句,不能用于疑问句或否定句。
You must be hungry after a whole day's walk.
走了一天的路你一定是饿了吧。
The girl must be ill, she looks so pale.
这个女孩一定是病了,她的脸色看上去很苍白。
You must be Susan—I was told to expect you here.
你一定是苏珊吧——我是按吩咐来这儿接你的。
5)表“偏偏”这个意思。
That's not my fault, you must go there.
那不是我的错,你偏偏要去那儿。
The car must break down just when I was about to go to work.
我正要去上班时偏偏车坏了。
6)must与may的比较:
① may与must均可表推测,但侧重点不一样:may暗含不确定,must暗含很可能。
I may meet you somewhere, you looked a little familiar.
我可能在哪见过你,你看上去有些面熟。
You must be a singer, your voice carries so well.
你一定是位歌手,你的声音很洪亮。
② may和must均可用于否定句,表不许,但may较少用。对may表请求时的否定回答,一般用must not或cannot。
May I open the window?我可以打开窗户吗?
No, you mustn't (can't).不,不行。
(6)ought to的用法:
1)ought to通常表示出于责任、义务、道义等方面的要求而该做的事。
Time is limited, we ought to start at once.
时间有限,我们应该马上动身。
Such things ought not to be allowed.
这类事不该容许。
Ought you to speak to your mother like that?
你应该跟你妈妈那样说话吗?
At your age you ought to be earning your living.
你到这个年龄应当自食其力了。
You ought to have done something to redeem your fault.
你本应该做些事去弥补你的过错。
2)表推测,暗含很大的可能,其语气较must弱。
He ought to be here by now if he started this morning.
如果他今天早上出发,现在该到这儿了。
Ask your father, he ought to know this matter.
去问问你父亲,他应该知道这件事。
3)ought to与should的区别:
①在很多情况下ought to与should两者意义相同,只是口气不同而已。
You shouldn't follow that old man's advice.
你不应当采纳那个老头儿的建议。
You oughtn't to follow that old man's advice.
你不应该采纳那个老人的建议。
②ought to和should在表示义务时意思相近,但它们也有一些差别,在表示某件事宜于做时,多用should;要表示因责任、义务等该做的事情时,常用ought to。在下面的句子中这两个词不宜换用。
We should not use too many swear-words in our everyday life.
我们不该在日常生活中过多使用脏话。
You are a mother, you ought to take care of your son.
你是一个母亲,你应该照顾你的儿子。
(7)shall的用法:
当shall与should作助动词用时,should是shall的过去式;而当情态动词用时,shall和should则是两个不同的词。
1)用于陈述句,与第二人称或第三人称连用,表示允诺、命令、警告和强制,或表示说话人的决心等。
You shall do as you see me do.
你照我的样子办。
There shall be no robbery.
不许抢劫。
If he works well, he shall get a chance of promotion.
他要是好好干,就有提升的机会。
He shall be punished if he disobeys.
他如果不服从就要受处罚。(表警告)
You shall have my answer tomorrow.
你明天可以得到我的答复。(表允诺)
Then you shall come.
那你就得来。(表命令)
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.
什么也不能阻止我们实现这项计划。(表决心)
2)表征询意见时,用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中。
Shall I get you a cup of milk, mom?
妈妈,我给您点杯牛奶怎么样?
What shall we do this weekend? How about playing golf?
这个周末我们干什么?打高尔夫球怎么样?
What shall we eat tonight?
我们今晚该吃什么?(征求对方意见)
比较:What will we eat tonight?
我们今晚将吃什么?(单纯指将来)
Shall he come to see you?
你要不要他来看你?
Will he come to see you?
他会不会来看你?
3)在宾语、主语等从句中shall表示“应当”的意思,可用于各种人称(在日常口语中这种用法不很普遍)。
I desire that the movie shall be shown right away.
我希望电影马上开始放映。
It has been decided that the proposal shall not be opposed.
已经决定不得反对这项提议。
(8)should的用法:
1)should表示常理认为是对的事或适宜做的事,常译为“应该”。
You should do what your parents tell you.
你应该照你父母的话办。
He should help you, but he refused to do so.
他应该帮助你,但是他拒绝这么做。
You shouldn't drink and drive.
你不该酒后驾车。
He caught cold; he should have stayed at home.
他感冒了,本应该待在家里。
2)表示推测,暗含很大的可能。
The road should be crowded tomorrow.
明天道路可能会很拥挤。
I should have finished reading this book by Sunday.
我或许到星期日能把这本书看完。
We should arrive before dark.
我们在天黑前能到达。
3)在说明现在或将来时间范畴的情况时,should属于虚拟用法,与第一人称连用,可以表示愿望、惊讶或可能性。
The old man suggests that we should stay here as if nothing had happened.
这位老人建议我们应该待在这儿,好像什么事也没有发生。
I wish that all difficulties should disappear right away.
我希望所有的困难都能马上消失。
It is surprising that my wife should be so selfish.
我妻子竟会这么自私,真让人吃惊。
If he should drop in, give him my message.
他如果来访,就将此条信息给他。
4)should表感情色彩,常用于以why, how开头的疑问句中。
Why should you leave the baby alone at home?
你为什么把孩子一个人丢在家里?
Why shouldn't you quit smoking?
你为什么不戒烟?
I don't see why we shouldn't make friends.
我不明白为什么我们不能做朋友。
How should I know?
我怎么知道?
(9)will的用法:
will作情态动词时,表示请求、邀请,常用于疑问句中。
Will you dine with me tomorrow, Lewis?
刘易斯,明天你同我一起吃饭好吗?
You'll forgive me, won't you?
你会原谅我,不是吗?
Pass me the pen, will you?
请把那支笔递给我,好吗?
Won't you have some coffee?
喝点咖啡吧?
Will you please shut the door for me?
请帮我把门关上,好吗?
(10)would的用法:
1)would作情态动词时,用于所有人称,表示主观意志、可能性、有倾向或有条件性的习惯。
He won't listen to me, so I ask you to persuade him.
他不会听我的,所以我请你去劝劝他。
That's great. It's what I would want.太棒了,这正是我想要的。
2)would作情态动词时还可以表示请求或征求意见。
Would you give me some advice?你能给我一些建议吗?
Would you mind opening the window?请打开窗户好吗?
3)在说明现在或将来时间范畴的情况时,would属于虚拟用法,可以表示愿望、惊讶或可能性等,一般与第二、第三人称连用。
I wish they would quit it.我希望他们放弃。
I wish the rain would stop for a moment.我希望雨停一会儿。
If I were you, I would allow him to go.如果我是你,我就会允许他去。
4)表示过去的一种倾向。
The girl said the door won't open.这个女孩说门打不开。
The wound would not heal.伤口总是愈合不了。
5)表示一种揣测。
That would be our new boss.那个人大概就是我们的新老板。
What the bodyguard said would be true.保镖说的可能是真的。
6)表示重复发生的动作。
Most time I would lie on the couch and read books.
我通常躺在长沙发上看书。
Every morning he would get up early.每天早上他都起床很早。
(11)need的用法:
need既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。用作情态动词时,need只有一种形式,后跟不带to的动词不定式,只用于否定句和疑问句。
1)表需要,指现在或将来,只用于否定句和疑问句或带有否定意味的肯定句中。
You need not wear so formal at this party.
在这种聚会上你不必要穿得这么正式。
Need I go there in person?我需要亲自去那儿吗?
Of course you need repeat it.你当然需要重做一次。
2)用于虚拟句中。
You needn't have sold your house你没有必要卖掉你的房子。(但你却卖了)
You needn't have stayed.你没有不必要停留。(但你却停留了)
We needn't be standing here in the rain.
我们本没有必要站在这里淋雨。(但我们却被淋了)
3)need可作实义动词,用作实义动词时,它有动词的全部形式,即现在时,单数第三人称needs,现在分词needing以及过去式和过去分词needed,后跟带to的不定式,可用于一切句式。
He doesn't need to escape, police won't arrest him.
他没有必要逃跑,警察不会逮捕他的。
The room needs cleaning. (=The room needs to be cleaned. )
房间需要打扫了。
Do you need any help?
你需要帮助吗?
(12)dare的用法:
1)同need一样,dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,它只有一种形式,后跟不带to的不定式,表示“敢于”,指现在或过去,主要用于否定句、疑问句、条件句和表示判断的句子。
I dare not go anywhere without your company.没有你的陪伴我哪儿也不敢去。
Dare you ask for a rise?你敢要求加薪吗?
I am not sure whether you dare try.我不确定你是否敢试试。
I dare say she won't come on time.我敢说她不能按时来。
2)dare还可用作实义动词,作实义动词时,它有动词的全部形式,后面要跟带to的不定式。
I don't dare to wear that dress.我不敢穿那件连衣裙。
How did you dare to scold her?你怎么敢斥责她?
4-2 助动词
1.助动词的概念
助动词就是协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词 (main verb)。
英语中的助动词主要有:
be (been, being, am, are, is, was, were)
have (has, had)
shall, will, should, would;
do (does, did)
2.助动词的功用
助动词本身无词义,不可单独使用,它仅仅是用来帮助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。
(1)助动词用来构成疑问句。
Do you want to achieve your dreams?
你想实现自己的梦想吗?
Have you ever been to Hong Kong?你去过香港吗?
(2)助动词与否定副词not合用,构成否定句。
He doesn't want to share his secrets with her even he loves her so much.
尽管他很爱她,但他不愿意和她分享自己的秘密。
I don't want to express my feelings in public.
我不想在公众面前表达我的感情。
(3)助动词表示时态。
I will be arriving in London on time.
我将准时到达伦敦。(表示将来进行时)
I have just finished my homework.
我刚刚完成家庭作业。(表示现在完成时)
(4)助动词表示语态。
He was sent to prison by the police.
他被警察送进了监狱。(表示被动语态)
You know my father hates being interrupted.
你知道我爸爸不喜欢别人打断他的话。(动名词的被动式)
(5)助动词用来加强语气。
I do love you, and you should believe me.
我真的很爱你,你应该相信我。
Do come early to my office tomorrow morning.
明天早上一定要早点来我办公室。
(6)由had, should, would, should have, would have等构成各种虚拟语气。
If I had Susan's appearance, I'd take part in the beauty contest.
如果我有苏珊的容貌,我就会去参加选美大赛。
I would have attended your birthday party last night if I had not prepared for my test.
如果不是准备考试我昨晚肯定参加你的生日聚会了。
The soup would have been better if it had had less salt.
假如少放点盐,这汤会更好喝。
3.常见助动词的用法
助动词有:do, be, have, shall, will, should, would。
(1)助动词do的用法:
1)构成现在一般时和过去一般时的否定句。例如:
I didn't pass the exams at that time.那时我没有通过考试。
She doesn't want to lend me money.她不想借钱给我。
2)构成现在一般时和过去一般时的疑问句。例如:
Do you always visit this old man?你经常去看望这个老人吗?
Did you get your driving licence?你拿到驾照了吗?
3)构成否定祈使句。例如:
Don't do that again!别再那样做了!
Don't be so sad.不要这么难过。
注意:构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。例如:
Do be quiet!请别作声!
Do come to my office tomorrow morning.
明天早上务必到我办公室来。
My mother is very delighted that her teacher does intend to attend the meeting.
我妈妈很高兴,她的老师确实打算来参加这次会议。
5)用于倒装句。例如:
Only when I begin to work do I realize the importance of English.
当我参加工作的时候才意识到英语的重要性。
Never did I hear of such a thing.
我从未听说过这样的事情。
说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代动词,避免重复。例如:
You know how to answer the question, do you?
你知道如何回答这个问题,对吧?
—Does he like Hong Kong?他喜欢香港吗?
—Yes, he does.是的,他喜欢。
(2)助动词be的用法:
1)be + 现在分词,构成进行时态。例如:
English is becoming more and more important.
英语变得越来越重要了。
They are discussing this problem now.他们正在讨论这个问题。
2)be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:
The window was broken by Tom's little son.窗户是汤姆的小儿子打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。
3)be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
①表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如:
We are to go to Beijing next month.下个月我们要去北京。
She is to visit the Great Wall tomorrow.她明天要参观长城。
说明:这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。例如上述句子可改为:
We'll go to Beijing next month.
She'll visit the Great Wall tomorrow.
②表示命令。例如:
You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon.他今天下午要来办公室。
③征求意见。例如:
How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢?
④表示相约、商定。例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
(3)助动词have的用法:
1)have + 过去分词,构成完成时态。例如:
My mother has gone to Shanghai.
我妈妈去上海了。
By the end of last year they had completed the project.
到去年年底,他们已经完成了那个项目。
2)have + been + 现在分词,构成完成进行时。例如:
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven't found it.
我找那本书都已经找了3天了,但是仍然没有找到。
I have been studying English for ten years.
我已经学英语10年了。
3)have + been + 过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。例如:
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
4)have还可用作实义动词,意谓“有”、“吃”等。例如:
Bad news has wings.丑事传千里。
You looked pale, you must have some medicine.
你脸色苍白,应该服一些药。
5)have还可用作使役动词。例如:
We have the problem solved.我们已经把这个问题解决了。
I had a tooth out this afternoon.我今天下午拔了颗牙。
(4)shall (should) 和will (would) 的用法:
助动词shall (should) 和will (would) 可用于将来或过去将来时态,一般来说shall (should) 用于第一人称,will (would) 用于第二人称、第三人称。在当代英语中,尤其是美国英语,则没有人称的差异。
1)shall用于各种将来时态的第一人称(当代英语多用will)。例如:
I shall inform you as soon as I have got the information.
我一得到信息就立即通知你。
We shall be going away tomorrow by an early flight.
我们将于明天搭早班飞机离开。
2)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,用于各种过去将来时态的第一人称(当代英语多用would)。例如:
I asked my teacher what I should do tonight.
我问老师今晚我该干什么。
The weather bureau reported that we should have rain.
气象局预报说我们这儿将有雨。
3)will用于各种将来时态的第二、第三人称。例如:
My son will return from America next month.
我儿子下个月就要从美国回来了。
They will be looking for anyone connected with her.
他们将寻找每一个与她有来往的人。
4)would是will的过去形式,无词义,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、三人称。例如:
The doctor said he would cure my illness.
医生说他会治好我的病的。
They would have finished the project by this weekend.
他们将于这个周末完成这个项目。