3.6 [56] 景公问欲善齐国之政以干霸王晏子对以官未具

齐景公打算搞好齐国的政治行霸王之道，询问晏子的意见，晏子回答说官吏尚未具备

【原文】

景公问晏子曰：“吾欲善治齐国之政，以干霸王之诸侯。”晏子（作色）对曰：“官未具也。臣数以闻，而君不肯听也。故臣闻仲尼居处惰倦，廉隅不正，则季次、原宪侍；气郁而疾，志意不通，则仲由、卜商侍；德不盛，行不厚，则颜回、骞、雍侍。今君之朝臣万人，兵车千乘，不善政之所失于下，霣坠于民者众矣，未有能士敢以闻者。臣故曰：官未具也。”公曰：“寡人（今）欲从夫子而善齐国之政，可乎？”对曰：“婴闻〔之〕，国有具官，然后其政可（喜）〔善〕。”公作色不说，曰：“齐国虽小，则可谓官不具？”对曰：“此非臣之所复也。昔吾先君桓公身体惰懈，辞令不给，则隰朋昵侍；（右左）〔左右〕多过，狱谳不中，则弦宁昵侍；田野不修，民氓不安，则宁戚昵侍；军吏怠，戎士偷，则王子成甫昵侍；居处佚怠，左右慑畏，繁乎乐，省乎治，则东郭牙昵侍；德义不中，信行衰微，则管子昵侍。先君能以人之长续其短，以人之厚补其薄，是以辞令穷远而不逆，兵加于有罪而不顿，是故诸侯朝其德，而天子致其胙。今君之过失多矣，未有一士以闻〔者〕也。故曰：官不具。”公曰：“善。”

【今译】

齐景公问晏子说：“我想把齐国的国政治理好，称霸于诸侯。”晏子回答说：“辅佐的官员没有具备。我多次进谏，而您不肯听从。我听说孔子生活倦怠，品行不端庄不公正时，就有季次和原宪在旁陪侍；气血郁结成疾，思想不通畅时，就有仲由和卜商在旁陪侍；品德不够高尚，行为不够宽厚时，就有颜回、闵子骞和冉雍在旁陪侍。现在您有臣子不下万人，兵车千乘，不好的政策给下面带来损失，落到百姓身上的太多了，却没有敢于向您报告的人。因此我说：官吏没有具备。”景公说：“我现在想听从您的意见来整顿好齐国的国政，可以吗？”晏子回答道：“我听说，国家拥有齐备的官员，然后就能把政治治理好。”景公变了脸色，不高兴地说：“齐国虽然小，怎么能说官吏不具备？”晏子回答道：“这不是我所能回答的。以前我们的国君桓公身体懒惰懈怠，应酬时词不达意时，就有隰朋在一旁亲切服侍；左右近臣多有过失，刑罚不公正时，就有弦宁在一旁亲切服侍；土地不修整，百姓不安乐时，就有宁戚在一旁亲切服侍；军吏懈怠，士兵偷懒时，就有王子成甫在一旁亲切服侍；生活安逸怠惰，左右近臣畏惧，乐舞不断，理正不勤，就有东郭牙在一旁亲切服侍；道德礼义不恰当，信誉德行衰微时，就有管仲在一旁亲切服侍。桓公能够用他人的长处弥补自己的短处，能用他人的优点弥补自己的缺点，因此他的命令传到很远的地方也没人反对，出兵攻打有罪的人也不会遇到挫折，因此诸侯们朝贺他的德行，天子赐给他祭肉。现在您的过失太多了，没有一个人告诉您。因此说：辅佐的官员不具备。”景公说：“好。”

Duke Jing queried Yanzi as follows: “I want to improve the governance efficiency of the state of Qi in order to seek the position of overlord among the regional princes—how should I accomplish this?”^[2]

Yanzi replied: “Your staff is not yet complete. I have repeatedly reminded you about this,but you have been unw illing to pay heed. I have heard^[3] that when Confucius was idle and left lethargic at home,and cultivation was not being pursued in every nook and cranny,he had Jici and Yuanxian attend him.^[4] When he was gloomy and ill,and when his thinking and aspirations were inhibited,he had Zhongyou and Bushang^[5] attend him. When his virtue was not flourishing and his conduct not generous,he had Yan Hui,Qian,and Yong^[6] attend him. Now you have in attendance at court ten thousand m inisters,and your standing army^[7] of one thousand chariots; the people suffer from numerous harm ful policies. Until now,no capable officer has ever dared to tell you all this. Therefore,I say that your staff is not yet complete.”The Duke said:^[8] “I would like to follow your advice and improve the governance of the state of Qi. Is this possible?”

Yanzi replied: “I have heard that only after a state has a complete staff of officers can its government improve.”

The Duke’s face flushed in anger. He was displeased and said: “However small the state of Qi may be,could one ever say that its staff is not complete?”^[9]

Yanzi replied: “This was not what I meant. In the past,when our former ruler,Duke Huan,became decrepit and feeble in body and his orders were not forthcom ing,he m ade Xi Peng^[10] his close attendant. When his entourage made many mistakes and their legal judgments were not pertinent,he made Xian Ning^[11] his close attendant. When fields and open land were not cultivated and the common people were not at peace,he had Ning Qi^[12] as his close attendant. When the army officers were lazy and the soldiers rapacious,he had Prince Cheng Fu^[13] as his close attendant. When Duke Huan was indolent at home and his entourage was menacing,and he indulged profusely in pleasure and took very little part in governing,he made Dongguo Ya^[14] his close attendant. When his virtue and righteousness were improper and his trustworthy conduct in decline,he nom inated Guanzi as his close attendant. Our former ruler would complement his shortcomings w ith the strengths of others and compensate his limitations w ith the abundant talents of others. Therefore,his orders were far-reaching and no disobedience emerged. His military power extended to the guilty w ithout obstruction. Hence,the regional princes paid homage to his virtue and the Son of Heaven sent him portions of the sacrificial meat.^[15] But now your m istakes,my Lord,are many,yet there is not a single officer who informs you of this. Therefore,I said that your staff is not yet complete.

The Duke said: “Well said.”

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注释

[1]Item 3.6 [56] ↔ Shuoyuan,1.18/5/1; Kongcongzi,6.1/62/22.

[2]以干霸王之诸侯→吾欲霸诸侯若何 (JS,184/2).

[3]Om it 故 (JS,184/5).

[4]Two of Confucius’ disciples. For all the disciples and other figures who surrounded Confucius throughout his lifetime,see Bruce E. Brooks and Taeko A. Brooks,The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors. Translations from the Asian Classics. New York: Columbia University Press (1998): 272-284.

[5]I.e.,Zilu 子路 and Zixia 子夏,prom inent disciples of Confucius.

[6]I.e.,Yan Hui 颜回,M in Ziqian 闵子骞 and Zhonggong 仲弓,prom inent disciples of Confucius.

[7]兵→立 (JS,185/14).

[8]JS,183/1 suggests that this line is the beginning of a completely new,separate item.

[9]则可→则何 (YZCQ-ICS; 23,n. 3/B).

[10]According to Hanfeizi,12/92/8,Duke Huan appointed Xi Peng as an adm inistrator of home affairs and Guan Zhong as an adm inistrator of foreign affairs,so that the two would watch each other. According to Guanzi,8.2/63/17,however,Xi Peng served Duke Huan as an adm inistrator of foreign affairs.

[11]The Shuoyuan,ibid,describes Xian Zhang 弦章,who appears several times in the YZCQ,as a man of eloquence and integrity. The Hanefizi,ibid,has Xian Shang 弦商,who was a 大理 “Chamberlain of Law Enforcement,” at Duke Huan’s court.

[12]Ning Qi or Ning Wu 武 in Hanfeizi,ibid,served Duke Huan as a 大田,“Grand Minister of Agriculture.”

[13]In Hanfeizi,ibid,Prince Cheng Fu is referred to as 公子成父 “Noble Scion Cheng Fu,” Duke Huan’s 大司马 “Grand Marshal.”

[14]Dongguo Ya was Duke Huan’s 谏臣,“M inister of Remonstration.” See Hanfeizi,ibid.

[15]Zuozhuan,B5.9.2/81/27,records the sending of the sacrificial meat from the Zhou king to Duke Huan.