- 雅思一月通：阅读胜典
- 杨凡等编著
- 46767字
- 2020-06-25 22:57:26
第一周 必须会的雅思阅读解题技巧
Day 1 不可不知的阅读句型
Day 2 巧用阅读方法解题
Day 3 必须关注细节（上）
Day 4 必须关注细节（下）
Day 5 必须了解的阅读题型
阅读
Day 1 不可不知的阅读句型
结构复杂的简单句
如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示，它就是简单句（不管句子是长是短）。有的简单句并不简单，也很长，复杂的简单句包括：
1.动名词及动名词短语做主语、表语、宾语；
2.分词及分词短语做定语、状语；
3.不定式及不定式短语做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。
一 动名词短语
1.Reconciling such interests is not easy.
结构分析：动名词短语reconciling such interests做主语。动名词短语做主语时，谓语一般用单数。
中文译文：调和这些利益是不容易的。
2.In other words，seeing large pupils gives rise to larger pupils.
结构分析：动名词短语seeing large pupils做主语。
中文译文：换句话说，看大的瞳孔会引起瞳孔变得更大。
3.It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns，devising creative solutions，and making tradeoffs and compromises where interests are opposed.
结构分析：这是一个简单句。主语是it，谓语是involves，3个动名词短语做宾语（属于平行结构）。trade-off and compromises，在阅读中经常出现“A and B”或“A or B”，其中A、B同义或近义，所以只要认识其中一个，就能猜测出另一个词的大致意思。
中文译文：它涉及探究深层次的关注，想出有创造性的解决方案，以及当利益出现矛盾时做交易和妥协。
4.Making it possible for that network to match the communications demands of the near future will require new technologies that widen the lanes on the information highway.
结构分析：此句的主语是由一个动名词短语来担当的，即：Making it possible…the near future。此处，该动名词短语的词性相当于名词，表示主动关系。
中文译文：该网络要想满足不久的将来的通信需求，就需要在信息高速路上增加传输带宽的新技术。
5.By sitting on all the colleges’boards and committees and by joining with NUS nationally，the Students’Union aims to represent your interests as student and，when necessary，fight for your rights and welfare.
结构分析：介词by之后是由and连接的两个动名词词组，即：（1）sitting on all the colleges’boards and committees和（2）joining with NUS nationally。主句中的谓语动词aims to之后所带的也是由and连接的两个目的动词词组，即：（1）represent your interests as students和（2）when necessary，fight for your rights and welfare。其中在第二个动词词组中有一个插入语when necessary，理解该词组时，应该先跳过插入语，直接将andfight for your rights and welfare理解清楚，然后再看插入语的内容。
中文译文：通过加入本大学各个董事会和委员会，并参与全国性的联盟组织NUS，学生会旨在代表你作为学生的利益及在必要之时，为你的权利和福利而斗争。
二 分词短语
1.The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation，the act of communication intended to reach agreement.
结构分析：过去分词短语intended to reach agreement是the act of communication的后置定语。the act of communication intended to reach agreement是negotiation的同位语，对negotiation进行解释。
中文译文：做这件事的最通常的方法是谈判，一种想要达成一致的交流行为。
小窍门
过去分词短语做后置定语的情况在雅思阅读中经常出现。因为形式相同，有时，容易被当成谓语（过去式），从而造成理解上的障碍。怎样区分动词加ed形式是谓语（过去式），还是后置定语（过去分词短语）呢？有两种方法：
（1）看它与前面的词是主动还是被动的关系。是主动的关系，则是谓语（过去式）。如果是被动的关系，则是后置定语（过去分词短语）。如，paper used for packaging，纸张是被用于包装的，所以used for packaging与paper是被动的关系，是过去分词短语做后置定语。
（2）看句子中是否有其他的谓语成分。一个简单句中只能有一个谓语成分，所以如果该句已有了一个确定无疑的谓语，那么这个动词加ed短语就只能是过去分词短语了。
2.Yet，a father accepting responsibility for behaviour problems is linked with positive outcomes.
结构分析：accepting responsibility for behaviour problems是现在分词短语做father的后置定语。
中文译文：诚然，一个对行为问题负责任的父亲与正面的结果有关。
3.First established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788，it is a modern cosmopolitan city that has developed into one of the nation’s major industrial，business，and manufacturing centers.
结构分析：实际上，此句的完整说法应该是：（It was）first established…settlement in 1788， （and）it is a…manufacturing centers.因为（It was）first established…in 1788 和（and）it is a modern…manufacturing centers之间的主语相同，都是it，并且前一个分句的主语it和紧随其后的那个系动词was都可以省略掉，也就是说，此句可以省略成一个带有过去分词短语的单句，表示两者是被动关系。
中文译文：最早在1788年，英国人将它建成为罪犯流放地；它现在已然成了一个国际化的大都会，是全国主要的工业、商业和制造业中心之一。
4.The suburbs reach out from the city centre and harbour some 55 km to the north，35 km to the west and 30 km to the south，creating a metropolitan area of about 3，000 square kilometers.
结构分析：该句的完整表达是：The suburbs…to the south，（which）create a…square kilometers.因为The suburbs reach…to the south和（which）create a metropolitan…square kilometers之间的主语相同，都是the suburbs，为了避免重复和累赘，后一个分句的主语which（=the suburbs）可以承前省略，也就是说，此句可以省略成一个带有现在分词短语的简单句，表示两者的逻辑关系是主动关系。
中文译文：郊区是由从市中心和港口向北延伸约55公里、向西延伸约35公里、向南延伸约30公里的区域所组成的，这就形成了一片大约3000平方公里的大都会区域。
5.Several countries，including Indonesia，Thailand and the Philippines，are expected to demonstrate high rates of growth in demand for power，an encouraging situation for those countries quick enough to develop and commercialise fuel cell technology.
结构分析：该句中including所带的短语是由一个非限制性定语从句简化而来的，即：Several countries，（which）are including Indonesia…expected to…因为which所指就是several countries，所以非限制性定语从句可以为了避免重复而省略为一个现在分词短语，表示两者之间是主动关系。此外，该句中的现在分词encouraging表示其所修饰的中心词situation的性质是“让人受鼓励的”“鼓舞人心的”。
中文译文：在电力的需求上，包括印度尼西亚、泰国、菲律宾在内的几个国家有望表现出高增长率。对于那些在迅速发展燃料电池技术并使其商业化的国家来说，这是一种鼓舞人心的局面。
三 不定式短语
1.To resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome.结构分析：不定式短语to resolve a dispute做主语，谓语是means，不定式短语to turn opposing positions into a single outcome做宾语，其中分词opposing是positions的定语。
中文译文：解决一个冲突意味着把相反的各方变成一个单一的结果。
2.Initially，the RTA had proposed to erect a new timber fence，replacing the existing suburban fences，to act as a noise barrier.
结构分析：不定式短语to erect a new timber fence做had proposed的宾语。replacing the existing suburban fences是分词短语做状语，其中，existing是现在分词做suburban fences的前置定语。to act as a noise barrier是不定式短语做状语。
中文译文：最初，RTA建议建造一个新的木屏障来代替现存的屏障，以作为噪声屏障。
3.The Fanwall barrier to be installed at Rhodes is thefirst to be erected in Australia.结构分析：不定式短语to be installed at Rhodes做Fanwall barrier的后置定语，不定式短语to be erected in Australia做thefirst的后置定语。
中文译文：将要在Rhodes建造的Fanwall屏障是澳大利亚建造的第一个Fanwall屏障。
4.Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to theirfirst spoken words leads to considerable difficulties.
结构分析：本句的主干为any attempt…leads to…，动词不定式to trace the development from the noise…to theirfirst spoken words做attempt的定语。babies make为定语从句，修饰noises，前面省略了that。
中文译文：试图探索婴儿从发声到开始说话的发展过程是十分困难的。
复合句
复合句中包含两个或更多的主谓结构，其中有一个（或更多的）主谓结构充当句子的某一（些）成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。充当一个句子成分的主谓结构称为从句。由于从句在句子中的句子成分不同，可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句等。
对付复合句及多重复合句的方法是，先抓住主干，即抓住主句，然后再识别从句的类型，进而搞懂整句话的意思。大部分题目的答案来自主句，但也有少部分题目的答案来自从句。
一 定语从句
1.Interests are needs，desires，concerns，fears—the things one cares about or wants.
结构分析：one cares about or wants是the things的定语从句。
中文译文：利益是需要、渴望、关注、恐惧，是一个人关心或想要的东西。
2.Another interestsbased procedure is mediation，in which a third party assists the disputants，the two sides in the dispute，in reaching agreement.
结构分析：in which引出的定语从句in which a…reachingagreement，是对mediation的解释。在定语从句中，the two sides in the dispute是disputants的同位语，同时也是插入语结构。
中文译文：另一个基于利益的过程叫作调解，在调解中第三方帮助冲突者（即在冲突中的双方）达成一致。
3.In one experiment，subjects aged 6 to 22 were shown drawings of female faces that had
different sized pupils，and asked to choose the one which was“happier”.
结构分析：全句主语是subjects，有两个并列谓语were shown和and asked，都是被动语态。that had different sized pupils是定语从句，做drawings of female faces的定语。which was“happier”是定语从句，做the one的定语。过去分词短语aged 6 to 22是subjects的后置定语。
中文译文：在一个试验中，6岁到22岁的实验对象看具有不同瞳孔大小的女性的脸的图画，并被要求从中选出更高兴的一个。
4.At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state.
结构分析：主从复合句。主句为At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse。who引导的定语从句修饰nurse，其中两个谓语visit和construct由and连接。that引导的定语从句修饰account。
中文译文：贝斯·以色列医院为每一位病人指派一名责任护士，责任护士要与指派给她的病人深入交谈，并对病人的身体状况做全面记录，内容包括从病史到病人情绪等一切事情。
5.It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat.
结构分析：句中的it是形式主语，动词不定式短语to sell a story that barely made enough to eat是真正的主语。其中关系代词that引出一个定语从句，修饰前面的story，而非与前面的so相呼应。make的意思是“挣得”“赚得”。
中文译文：想要卖掉一篇小说以求果腹是多么困难。
二 状语从句
1.Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalised in law，other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behaviour，such as reciprocity， precedent，equality，and seniority.
结构分析：although引导一个让步状语从句。注意本句的最后有一个such as，是“例如”的意思，后面的内容往往是举例说明，是属于不重要的内容，可不作为阅读的重点。socially accepted是standards of behaviour的前置定语。
中文译文：虽然在法律中有正式规定的行为的对错是很直截了当的，但其他的对错采取的是非书面的、社会接受的行为标准，例如：互惠、先例、平等和资历。
2.There is also higher marital satisfaction for fathers，especially when they take more responsibility for the needs of their children—fathers are happier when they are more involved.
结构分析：两个when引导两个时间状语从句。
中文译文：特别是当父亲们对孩子们的需要负更大责任时，他们有更高的婚姻满意度。当父亲们参与更多孩子的生活时，他们更高兴。
3.The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident，while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.
结构分析：while引导一个让步状语从句。
中文译文：冰箱对人类幸福贡献不多，对环境的影响倒是不小。
4.A breakthrough in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community（EEC）could be brought forward by up to two decades，if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC’s research effort in thisfield，according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra， near Milan.
结构分析：全句主干为：A breakthrough…could be brought forward…，主语breakthrough被介词短语in the provision of…European Economic Community（EEC）修饰，而provision又被两个介词短语所修饰：一是在逻辑上与之构成直接宾语的of energy from the sun，另一个是目的状语for the European Economic Community。if引导的从句为主句的条件状语。according to引导的介词短语也做状语，其中过去分词短语engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra，near Milan修饰scientists，做定语。
中文译文：在米兰附近的伊斯普拉的欧共体科学实验室里，进行太阳能实验的欧洲经济共同体资深科学家们认为，如果略微增加欧洲经济共同体在利用太阳能方面的研究经费，就能使这方面的研究提前20年取得突破。
5.When they get sick，we transfer them to a hospital，where children are forbidden to visit terminally ill patients—even when those patients are their parents.
结构分析：第一个when引导的时间状语从句修饰主句we transfer them to a hospital。where引导的定语从句修饰hospital。第二个when引导的时间状语从句修饰where引导的从句。
中文译文：他们生病时，我们把他们转到医院。孩子们不许去医院探望患有不治之症的病人，即使病人就是他们的父母也不行。
三 宾语从句
1.It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute.
结构分析：it是形式主语，实际主语是不定式短语to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute。宾语从句who is right是determine的宾语。
中文译文：企图决定谁在冲突中是正确的通常很复杂。
2.Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce，Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed.
结构分析：despite是介词，despite the significant…paid workforce是介词短语做状语。其中，who引导的定语从句who are in the paid workforce做women的定语。主句中有that引导的宾语从句that divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed，做showing的宾语。
中文译文：虽然参加工作的有孩子的妇女数目显著地上升，过去15年澳大利亚的研究一致表明，家庭工作的劳动分工实际上是非常固定的。
3.Behaviorists，who study the relation between actions and their consequences，argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school.
结构分析：主语behaviorists由who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰。that引导的从句做谓语动词argue的宾语。
中文译文：研究行为与结果之间的关系的行为主义者们认为：奖励能提高工作和学习的表现。
4.Cognitive researchers，who study various aspect of mental life，maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
结构分析：主语cognitive（认知学派的）researchers由who引导的非限制性定语从句修饰。that引导的从句做谓语动词maintain的宾语。
中文译文：研究精神生活各个方面的认知学派研究人员们认为：奖励促使学生对别人给予的肯定和礼物有依赖心理，所以常常会破坏他们的创造性。
5.In such a case，it is usually settled in the consumer’s favor，assuming he or she has a just claim.
结构分析：现在分词assuming（倘若，假如）后接宾语从句，一起做后置状语。
中文译文：在这种情况下，假如消费者提出的要求合理，常常按对其有利的办法解决问题。
四 主语从句
1.It has already been well established that changes in pupil size are clearly associated with changes in attitude.
结构分析：主句从句。it是形式主语，that到句尾是that引导的从句，做真正的主语。pupil在这里的意思是“瞳孔”，而不是“小学生”。雅思阅读中经常考一些熟词的偏僻意思，称为“熟词僻义”，如novel，常考的意思是“新颖的”，而不是“小说”。
中文译文：瞳孔大小的变化和态度的变化之间有明确的联系，这个观点已经确立起来。
2.That the dilation response is in fact learned rather than innate is supported by experiments with children.
结构分析：that引导的主语从句that the dilation response is in fact learned rather than innate，做全句的主语。全句主句结构是一个被动语态，is supported的意思是“被支持”。
中文译文：瞳孔放大反应实际上是习来的，而不是天生的。在孩子们身上做的实验支持这一结论。
3.What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity， marketing soft drinks，marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.
结构分析：本句主语为一个由what引导的名词性从句，其中的did强调promote，意为“真正”；谓语部分为系表结构（was marketing）。
中文译文：制冷确实对有些东西的营销有促进作用——把硬件（指冰箱）、电、软饮料以及屠宰后的牲畜销往世界各地，以获得好价钱。
4.The senior German scientist in charge of the Community’s solar energy programme，Mr.Joachim Gretz，told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year 2000.
结构分析：全句主干为the senior German scientist…Mr.Joachim Gretz told…。told带有间接宾语journalists和第一个that引导的从句担当的直接宾语。在宾语从句中，it为形式主语，that（第二个）引导的从句是真正的主语。
中文译文：负责欧共体太阳能项目的德国资深科学家J.格雷茨告诉记者们说，按照目前的科研预算，即使是到了2000年以后，太阳能也不大可能达到欧共体能源需求的3%。
5.It is likely that the dispute regardingfiats versus（对抗）individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned.
结构分析：It为形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语；主语从句又是一个主从复合句，其中as far as…concerned意为“就……而论，至于”。
中文译文：就英国而论，公寓式住房与住宅式住房之争可能仍要激烈地进行下去，而且短时间内不会得到解决。
五 表语从句
1.The first time that the question“What is at the bottom of the oceans？”had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.
结构分析：全句主干为Thefirst time…was…；thefirst time后面的that引导一个定语从句，其主语为the question“What is at the bottom of the oceans？”；when引导的从句为表语。consequence的意思是“影响”“重要性”。
中文译文：当有人建议铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电报电缆时，人们才第一次必须从商业价值这个角度回答“海洋深处有什么”的问题。
2.The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak.
结构分析：第一个when引导的从句是the time of day的定语，而第二个when引导的从句是表语。
中文译文：当你一天中感到精力最充沛时，你的体温正好处于整个能量周期的高峰。
3.One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a passage for infection.
结构分析：that引导的是一个表语从句。
中文译文：遭禁模型的一个问题是，用以连接它和外部电源的通道容易引起感染。
4.The reason these two wonders of nature are so difficult for many adults to explain to children is that they are not very well understood by adults themselves.
结构分析：全句主干为reason…is…，reason后的定语从句（why）these two wonders of nature are so difficult for many adults to explain to children进一步说明reason的内容；that引导的是一个表语从句。
中文译文：许多成年人难以向小孩们解释这两种自然奇迹，原因是他们自己对这两种奇迹的理解就不够。
5.“The point is，you need to do both，”Cohen says.“Intellectual activity actually infiuences brain-cell health and size.”
结构分析：Cohen says之前的部分的主语为The point，由is将它和表语从句you need to do both连接起来。
中文译文：科恩说：“问题在于你得兼顾二者，实际上脑力活动影响脑细胞的健康和大小。”
六 同位语和同位语从句
1.Research studies lend strong support to the argument that there are benefits for families considering a change to a fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life.
结构分析：that there are benefits for families considering a change to a fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life是that引导的同位语从句做argument的同位语。在同位语从句中，considering a change to a fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life是现在分词短语做families的后置定语。
中文译文：研究为能够平等分担快乐和痛苦的家庭会受益这一论点提供了有力的证据。
小窍门
区别一个从句是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是：在that引导的同位语从句中，that只是连接词，它不在从句中做任何句子成分，所以同位语从句都是完整句；而在that引导的定语从句中，that要做句子成分（主语或宾语），所以that引导的定语从句都是不完整句（缺主语或缺宾语）。
2.In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history，the earth’s postwar era， there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.
结构分析：what从句是介词in的宾语，又是the earth’s postwar era的同位语；主句中的that引导一个同位语从句，修饰concern。
中文译文：在现在看来似乎是计算机的史前时期，即第二次世界大战之后的年代里，人们普遍担心有朝一日计算机将取代人类在世界上的地位。
3.There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.
结构分析：that引导的从句为belief的同位语。
中文译文：家长们普遍认为，学校不再对拼写教学感兴趣。
4.At the early attempts，the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths，a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
结构分析：这是一个由and连接的并列复合句。第二个并列部分为一个主从复合句，其中fact指前面的从句所说的内容为同位语，同时被which引导的定语从句所修饰。opinion后面的that从句是一个同位语从句，进一步说明opinion的内容。defy意为“反驳”。
中文译文：在此之前（指1866年）的几次电缆铺设都失败了。当人们将电缆从海底捞上来修复时，还发现上面覆盖了许多生物。这一事实反驳了当时的海洋深处无生命的论点。
5.They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort，as long as they look right.
结构分析：and连接两个并列分句：第二个并列分句中的fact之后的that从句是进一步说明fact内容的同位语从句（为主从复合句）。put up with意为“忍受”，as long as的意思是“只要”。
中文译文：他们只对外观感兴趣，并利用妇女们只要看起来漂亮就宁可忍受（“时装”带来的）任何不便这一弱点。
多重复合句
有时，复合句的一个（或多个）从句里可能还包含一个（或多个）从句，即从句里套着从句，这种句子称为多重复合句。多重复合句句式复杂，是同学们阅读的难点。
1.The most typical rights procedure is adjudication，in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decision that must be followed by both disputants.
结构分析：多重复合句，定语从句中套着两个定语从句。in which至句尾都是adjudication的定语。who至句尾是third party的定语。最后一个由that引导的定语从句是decision的定语。
中文译文：最典型的判断对错的过程是裁决。在裁决中，冲突双方拿出证据和论证给一个中立的第三方，这个第三方有权做出决定，冲突双方都必须遵守这个决定。
2.Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines，pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust，but from the power plant generating electricity，which is usually located outside the city，where air quality problems are less serious.
结构分析：since引导一个原因状语从句。主句中有一个特殊句型not…but…，意思是“不是……而是……”。generating electricity是现在分词短语做the power plant的后置定语。which引导的定语从句which is usually located outside the city做power plant的定语。where引导一个定语从句做outside the city的定语。抓住了这个句子的主干，就掌握了此句的主要内容。题目常常是考文章中的主要内容，实际考试中的题目如下：Where is pollution from rail transport measured？虽然它是一个比较复杂的句子，但是如果你能够把握上句话的主干，你还是能做对这道题的，答案为the power plant。
中文译文：因为高铁和轻轨都有电力发动机，所以污染不是从车辆尾气中测量，而是从产生电力的发电厂测量。发电厂通常位于城市之外，那里空气问题不太严重。
3.However，it now appears that enlarged or constricted pupils can also affect the response of the person who observed them.
结构分析：主语从句。it是形式主语，that到句尾是that引导的从句做真正的主语。主语从句中有一个who引导的定语从句who observed them做person的定语。所以，全句是多重复合句。注意句子最后的代词them，指代的是pupils。从句的意思是：放大或缩小的瞳孔会影响观察这些瞳孔的人的反应。enlarged or constricted是过去分词做pupils的前置定语。
中文译文：然而，现在表明，放大或缩小的瞳孔还会影响观察人的反应。
4.It seems that what is appealing about large pupils in a woman，is that they are an indicator of interest，which can be interpreted as sexual interest.
结构分析：多重复合句。it是形式主语，that到句尾是that引导的从句做真正的主语。这个主语从句中的主语又是一个主语从句what is appealing about large pupils in a woman，至句尾that they are an indicator of interest，which can be interpreted as sexual interest是主语从句中的表语从句。表语从句中又有一个which引导的定语从句which can be interpreted as sexual interest。
中文译文：看起来，似乎女人的大瞳孔吸引人是因为它们是兴趣的表示者，可以被解释为性别的兴趣。
5.Since variations in distances and city densities affect the total kilometres of travel，the annual number of trips each person takes by public transport provides a better standard for comparing its importance in various cities.
结构分析：多重复合句。since引导一个原因状语从句，主句中有一个定语从句，each person takes by public transport是the annual number of trips的定语。
中文译文：因为距离和城市密度的不同影响旅行的总公里数，所以每人乘坐公共交通每年的旅行数目提供了一个更好的比较它在各个城市的重要性的标准。
6.The challenge now is to develop policies and practices based on a presumption of shared responsibility between men and women，and a presumption that there are potential benefits for men and women，as well as for families and the community，if there is greater gender equality in the responsibilities and pleasures of family life.
结构分析：这个句子比较复杂，全句的主干即The challenge now is to develop policies and practices，意思是“现在的挑战是开发出政策和实践”。based on至句尾是过去分词短语做状语，后一个presumption后面的that引导的从句（直至句尾）是presumption的同位语，在同位语从句中，还有一个if引导的条件状语从句。
中文译文：现在的挑战是基于如下的假设开发出政策和实践：一个假设是男人和女人之间的共享责任，另一个假设是如果在家庭责任和快乐上有更大的性别平等，对男人和女人，以及家庭和社会，都有潜在的好处。
7.Paper is also biodegradable，so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded.
结构分析：这是一个多重复合句。结果状语从句（由so引导）中套着一个时间状语从句（由when引导）。biodegradable是一个生词，可以用构词法猜测它的意思，主干部分是grade，意思是“级别”，degrade表示“降级”，able表示“能……，可……”，bio表示“生命的，生物的”，所以此词的意思是“可生物降解的”。
中文译文：纸张还是可生物降解的，所以把它扔掉的时候，它不会对环境造成很大的威胁。
8.A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students，Eisenberger holds.
结构分析：Eisenberger holds这种结构经常用在直接引语或间接引语最后，这里属于第二种情况。如果把Eisenberger当作主语，把holds当作谓语，那么它们之前的部分为一个宾语从句，主干为A teacher…ends up…；两个who引导的定语从句都修饰teacher。
中文译文：艾森伯格认为：如果一个老师不断地要求学生把注意力放在奖励上，并对一般的成绩也大方地送以高分，最终只能培养出无成就的学生。
9.In earlier grades，the use of so-called token economies，in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance based points toward valued rewards， shows promise in raising effort and creativity，the Delaware psychologists claim.
结构分析：句末的the Delaware psychologists claim表明在此之前的部分为间接引语，其主干为the use…shows promise…；which引导的定语从句修饰economies。
中文译文：特拉华（大学）的心理学家们指出：对小学生运用所谓的象征性奖励制度，即学生解决一定要动脑筋才能解决的问题，同时根据表现的好坏得到一定的分数，直到获得宝贵的奖赏，这有望使学生更加努力，更好地发挥创造性。
10.But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.
结构分析：it为形式主语，真正的主语为to make sure至句尾的部分；that引导的宾语从句为make sure的宾语；unless引导的从句为状语从句。
中文译文：但是，驾驶员有责任让坐在前排的14岁以下的儿童系上某种安全带，否则不得坐在前排。
并列句及并列复合句
如果句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接，最常见的并列连词是and和but。
有时，一个并列句中的一个（或更多）分句可能包含一个（或更多）从句，这种句子就是并列复合句。并列复合句句式复杂，也是同学们阅读的难点。
对付并列句及并列复合句的方法是各个击破。先抓住并列连词and或but，识别出是并列句后，分别理解并列连词前后的句子。
1.Noise generated by traffic on arterial roads and freeways is an increasing problem in Australia and there is growing concern among highways authorities in Australia about the limitations of some types of noise barriers which have been installed in this country.
结构分析：这是一个典型的并列复合句，并列连词and连接两个句子，前一个句子是一个简单 句，主语是noise，generated by traffic on arterial roads and freeways是过去分词短语做noise的后置定语，后面的句子中有一个which引导的定语从句。
中文译文：在澳大利亚，在主干路和自由路的交通所产生的噪音是一个日益增长的问题。而且澳大利亚的高速公路当局也在关注着在这个国家已经安装的一些噪声屏障的局限性。
2.However，low barriers are not effective and high timber barriers have become much more expensive.
结构分析：一般的并列句，and连接两个简单句。
中文译文：然而，矮屏障无效，高的木材屏障昂贵得多。
3.Furthermore，Fanwall is maintenance free and it is not susceptible to damage byfire and vandalism.
结构分析：一般的并列句，and连接两个简单句。vandalism是一个生词，但因为和fire在一起（fire and vandalism），所以应能猜出是和火灾一样不好的东西，实际在考试中能理解成这样的意思就可以了。
中文译文：而且，Fanwall是不需要维护的，也不易受到火灾和蓄意破坏造成的损坏。
4.The parental role is central to the stressrelated anxiety reported by employed mothers，and a major contributor to such stress is their taking a greater role in child care.
结构分析：并列句，and前后的句子都是简单句。
中文译文：工作母亲有和压力相关的焦虑，这种压力的主要原因是她们在照顾孩子方面有更大的责任。
5.Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time，the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilisation of usedfibre.
结构分析：并列复合句。and前面的句子是一个简单句，后面的句子中有一个that引导的定语从句做new recycling technologies的定语。by是介词，表示“通过……的方式”的意思，后面常接动名词。
中文译文：政府已经鼓励废纸回收和分类系统，同时，造纸工业也通过开发新的回收技术做出了反应。这个回收技术为更大程度地利用使用过的纸铺平了道路。
6.Already，waste paper constitutes 70%of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper.
结构分析：并列句，and前后都是一个简单句，但都不简单。and前面的简单句的谓语是constitutes，而不是used for，used for是过去分词短语做paper的后置定语，and后面的句子的主语是advances，谓语动词是have allowed，required to remove ink from the paper不是谓语，而是过去分词短语做technology的后置定语。
中文译文：废纸构成了用于包装的纸张的70%。且从纸张中清除墨水的技术进步了，已经使得新闻纸和书写用纸有了更高的回收率。
7.But the idea never died and the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin，an educator and scholar，founded the modern Olympics.
结构分析：一般的并列句，and前后是两个简单句。后面的句子中，an educator and scholar是插入语，做主语“顾拜旦”的同位语。
中文译文：但是这个想法从未死亡。法国男爵皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦—— 一个教育家和学者—— 创立了现代奥林匹克运动。
小窍门
阅读文章中出现人名、地名时，如果自己知道，可以翻译出来，如本文中的“顾拜旦”。如果不知道，可采用首字母提炼法，如本文中，可用“法国人BPC”或“法国人B”，这样，一般是不会影响读文章和做题目的。
8.For most people the sea was remote，and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea，there was little reason to ask many questions about it，let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.
结构分析：本句为并列主从复合句。第二个并列部分中有两个短语：前面一个由介词短语with the exception of引导，其中包含一个由who引导的定语从句，修饰others；另一个是动词短语let alone。
中文译文：对绝大多数人来说，海洋是遥远的，除了早期漂洋过海旅行的人或靠海谋生的人之外，人们没有什么理由询问有关海洋的问题，更谈不上询问海底有什么东西这样的问题了。
9.There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important，and that has to do not with what is read but with how it is read.
结构分析：并列主从复合句。第一个并列部分包含一个由which引导的定语从句。has to do with…意为“与……有关”。not…but…意为“不是……而是……”。
中文译文：依我们看，还有另一种对话同样重要，它与所读的内容无关，而与阅读的方式有关。
10.Every winter，millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense，busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house—while outside， nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
结构分析：第一个并列部分前后各有一个状语：前面一个是Every winter；后面一个是busily maintaining…house。
中文译文：每年冬天，数百万台冰箱不断地嗡嗡作响，花费很大，在人工制热的房间里忙碌地维持着一个人工制冷的空间，而在室外，自然免费为人们提供了理想的温度。
其他句型
一 插入语结构
插入语也是雅思阅读中常出现的一种结构。它一般是对句子中一个句子成分的解释或补充说明，通常是不重要的内容。插入语的标志：
（1）插入语结构前后用逗号断开，如：The book，I think，doesn’t provide information about the population in that area。其中，插入语结构I think便是这种特点。
（2）插入语结构前后用破折号断开，如：The paper said the volcano destroyed most—if not all—of the buildings and construction on the island。其中，插入语if not all就属于此类结构。
对付插入语的办法是先略去不读。插入语常常插在主语和谓语之间，也可以插在句子中其他两个句子成分之间。有的插入语比较长，如果对插入语特别注意，就会造成原来句子主要意思的中断，造成理解困难。插入语常常是不重要的内容，所以应先略去不读，这样被分隔的两个句子成分就接上了。
1.In relationships of mutual dependence，such as between labour and management or within an organisation or a family，the question of who is more powerful turns on who is less dependent on the other.
结构分析：such as between…or a family是插入语，同时也是举例说明，是不重要的内容，可以先略去不读。全句的谓语是turns on，the question of who is more powerful是主语，宾语从句who is less dependent on the other是turns on的宾语。
中文译文：在相互依赖的关系中，例如劳资关系、家庭关系或组织关系中，谁更有权力的问题就转换成谁更少依赖于另一方的问题。
2.In developing countries，where at least 16 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people each by the end of this decade，failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.
结构分析：where at least…of this decade是插入语，是一个定语从句，修饰developing countries。全句主语是动名词短语failing to give priority to public transport。
中文译文：在发展中国家，至少有16个城市在这个10年之内人口会超过1200万，如果不优先考虑公共交通，将会有灾难性的后果。
3.Buses and trains carry more people in each vehicle and，if they operate on their own rights of way，can safely run at much higher speeds.
结构分析：全句用and连接两个并列谓语carry和can safely run，if they operate on their own rightsofway是个插入语，表示补充说明条件，先略去不读，读者会对全句的意思掌握得更好。全句主干：Buses and trains carry more people in each vehicle and can safely run at much higher speeds.
中文译文：公共汽车和火车在每个车辆中装载更多的人，如果它们在自己的路上行驶，就会安全地更高速运行。
4.The 17th Winter Games，held in Norway in 1994，are part of an Olympic tradition which goes back almost 3，000 years.
结构分析：held in Norway in 1994是插入语，从语法成分上看，它是过去分词短语做主语The 17th Winter Games的后置定语。which引导一个定语从句，做Olympic tradition的定语。
中文译文：1994年在挪威举行的第17届冬奥会，是可以追溯到几乎3000年以前的奥运会传统的一部分。
5.The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little corner of the universe， and as we know，other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jellyfish.
结构分析：上句中的插入语结构是and as we know，如果不先跳过这个插入语的话，对于这个本身已经很冗长、复杂的长句来说，考生阅读起来要困难得多。其实，上句带有两个并列平行宾语从句，即：The only way…to remind that（1）man is a brief…of the universe，（2）and as we…to jellyfish.对于第（2）句的理解，考生如果能够先抛开插入语结构“and as we know”而直接将其理解为“and other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jellyfish”，这对于把握整个句子的全貌很有帮助。
中文译文：对付这种人类普遍存在的自负，我所知道的唯一的办法就是提醒我们自己：人类不过是宇宙小角落里的一个小星球上的短暂插曲而已，而且正如我们所知道的那样，宇宙世界中其他的地方可能存在比人类更高级的东西，就像我们自己比水母更高级一样。
二 倒装句式
主语和谓语有两种顺序：一是主语在前，这和汉语是一致的，称为自然语序。另一种是谓语在主语之前，叫作倒装语序。
陈述句绝大多数都是自然语序，但在某些情况下却需要用倒装语序。在雅思阅读中经常出现下列几种情况。
（一）only+状语位于句首
1.Although numerous books have been written about American mothers，only recently has literature focused on the role of a father.
结构分析：第二个分句（即，主句）由于把only放在句首以强调recently，所以使用了倒装语序。主句的正常语序应为literature has only recently focused on the role of a father。
中文译文：尽管写美国母亲的书很多，但是文学只是最近才开始关注父亲的角色。
2.Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.
结构分析：全句只有1个谓语动词：begun。本句是一个以only开头的主谓倒装句，按照正常语序应该是：Women have begun to catch up with men in this area only in recent years.only在句中起强调作用，所强调的是in recent years。
中文译文：仅仅在近几年来，妇女才开始在这个领域赶上男子。
（二）以never，little，often，not only，not until，hardly，scarcely等词（组）引起句子倒装
1.Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types.
结构分析：not only位于句首，引起前面的句子倒装。正常的语序是we need to make the paper available to collectors。
中文译文：我们不仅需要使纸张能被收废纸的人得到，而且应将纸张分成不同的类别。
2.In a dispute，not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party，but they are in confiict.
结构分析：not only位于句首，引起倒装，前一个句子的正常语序应为the interests of one party do not coincide with those of the other party，现在将助动词do放在了主语的前面，后面部分中but also省略了also。
中文译文：在争议中，一方的利益与另一方不仅不一致，而且是冲突的。
（三） 比较状语从句
1.In a typical example，when viewing photographs of food，hungry subjects experience a much greater increase in pupil diameter than do sated subjects.
结构分析：比较级后面的句子倒装，比较级实际上是比较状语从句。than后面的句子的正常语序是sated subjects do，sated是过去分词做subjects的前置定语。
中文译文：在一个典型的例子中，当看到食物的照片时，饥饿的实验对象比吃饱的实验对象瞳孔直径的增加更大。
2.A mother’s wanting her partner to do more housework and child care is a better predictor of poor family adjustment than is actual time spent by fathers in these tasks.
结构分析：本句比较复杂，是一个比较句式。than之前是主句，动名词短语a mother’s wanting her partner to do more housework and child care做主语。than后面的比较从句倒装了，正常语序是actual time spent by fathers in these tasks is。比较从句中，actual time是主语，spent by fathers in these tasks是过去分词短语做actual time的后置定语。
中文译文：一个母亲希望她的丈夫做更多的家务和照顾孩子，（这种意愿）比丈夫们在这些事务上花费的实际时间更能反映不好的家庭调整的情况。
（四） 为了突出强调某一内容（通常是表语或状语）
1.Gone are the problems of being washed out for half the season.
结构分析：因为主语the problem of being washed out for half the season过长，为了避免让句子看起来显得“头重脚轻”，所以将其后置倒装。同时，该句也是为了突出强调表语gone。
此句的正常词序为：The problems of washed out for half the season are gone.
中文译文：半个赛季长的时间不允许人们进入场馆内（比赛）的问题已经不复存在了。
2.Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan，the heart of the city，with its one hundred and more skyscrapers.
结构分析：因为主语the architecture of Manhattan，the heart of the city，with its one hundred and more skyscrapers过长，为了避免让句子看起来显得“头重脚轻”，所以将
其后置倒装。同时，该句也是为了突出强调表语splendid。
此句的正常词序为：The architecture of Manhattan，the heart of the city，with its one hundred and more skyscrapers is splendid.
中文译文：位于市中心的曼哈顿有着上百座摩天大厦，建筑非常漂亮。
（五） so/as或neither/nor引起的句子
1.The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century，as has the temperature of ocean surface waters.
结构分析：as表示“……也一样”，引起后面的句子倒装，正常词序是the temperature of ocean surface waters has。
中文译文：这个世纪以来，地球表面空气的平均温度上升了，海水表面的温度也一样。
2.They do not seem to like one another very much，neither are they too keen on conventional people.
结构分析：全句有两个谓语动词：do和are。本句的后半部分是一个主谓倒装的简单句，按正常词序应该是：They are neither too keen on conventional people.注意neither指的是“（两个中的）一个都不”。
中文译文：他们看起来不太喜欢彼此，他们也都不怎么喜欢传统的人（普通人）。
（六） 某些让步状语从句
1.In addition，difficult as it is to believe，there are desertfishes that can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.
结构分析：句子中as（=although/though尽管，虽然）所引导的是让步状语从句。实际上，difficult as it is to believe=although/though it is difficult to believe。
中文译文：而且，尽管令人难以置信，还是有沙漠鱼类能以非活性卵的形态在多年的干旱中存活下来。
2.But unpopular as red ha2s been in the past，at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.
结构分析：全句有两个谓语动词：has been和is。其中，as引导的让步状语从句是一个部分倒装句，按照正常词序应该是：although red has been unpopular in the past，句子可被拆分为：Red has been unpopular in the past.和But at the moment it is a favorite hair dye.
中文译文：尽管过去红色不怎么流行，但是现在却是一种备受欢迎的染发颜色。
（七） 为了使句子结构平衡
1.We are all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life—the goods and services that make possible our vision of modern civilization.
结构分析：此句中，在services之后的定语从句that make possible our vision of modern civilization里面，因为make之后的宾语our vision of modern civilization太长，所以将其后置，以保持句子的平衡。正常词序是：We are all…that make our vision of modern civilization possible.
中文译文：我们都习惯地认为工作给生活带来物质内容，即那些能使人看到现代文明的商品和服务。
2.Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848.
结构分析：全句只有一个谓语动词：is。本句是一个完全倒装句，按照正常词序应该是：The outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848 is quite different.介词短语like those of…作为后置定语修饰insurrections，其中为了省略而使用those代替the insurrections。
中文译文：像1830年7月起义和1848年2月起义这样的成功起义，它们的结果是大不相同的。
（八）因为省略了if，而以were，had，should等开头的虚拟条件句
Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspaper，or newspaper without government，I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
结构分析：这是一个虚拟语气的条件状语从句。因为条件状语从句中省略了if，所以将系动词were放在句首来倒装。正常词序是：If it were left to me to decide whether we…prefer the latter.
中文译文：如果让我来决定我们应该有一个没有报纸的政府，还是应有一个没有政府的报纸，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。
三 强调句式
强调句型的模式是：
It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分
（1）可以强调：主语，宾语，状语不可以强调：谓语，定语
（2）被强调部分为人时，that/who均可，其余用that
（3）后面的句子为过去时态，用It was，其余用It is
例 Nuclear power supplies 5%of the world’s energy from more than 400 plants.
①用强调句型强调主语：
It is nuclear power that supplies 5%of the world’s energy from more than 400 plants.
②强调宾语：
It is 5%of the world’s energy that nuclear power supplies from more than 400 plants.
③强调地点状语：
It is from more than 400 plants that nuclear power supplies 5%of the world’s energy.
1.It is this desire，together with its lack of fulfillment in most families，that brings about stress in the female parent.
结构分析：强调主语this desire，together with its lack of fulfillment in most families。原句为：This desire，together with its lack of fulfillment in most families，brings about stress in the female parent.
中文译文：就是这种希望，以及在绝大多数家庭中不能实现的现实，给母亲们带来了压力。
2.It is city people who think of cowboys as free people，unafraid to battle with wild animals， living close to nature，with the trees and the sky and the stars.
结构分析：此句还原后应该是：City people think of cowboys as free people，unafraid to battle with wild animals，living close to nature，with the trees and the sky and the stars.其 中，unafraid to battle with wild animals，living close to nature， with the trees and the sky and the stars是对people作进一步说明和补充的补足语。
中文译文：城里人认为牛仔自由自在，敢于和野兽斗争，与大树、天空和星星一起身处自然之中。
3.It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being，but，on the contrary，their social being that determines their consciousness.
结构分析：在这个强调句中包含了另一个句式not…but…（不是……而是……）。如果将此句还原，其结构更容易看清楚，即：Not the consciousness of men determines their being，but，on the contrary，their social being that determines their consciousness.
中文译文：不是人的意识决定他们的存在，相反，正是他们的社会存在决定了他们的意识。
4.It was the loss of revenue from declines in tourism that in 1935 led the Saudi authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being Aramoc.
结构分析：如果去掉强调句的结构，该句的原句应该是：The loss of revenue from declines in tourism in 1935 led the Saudi authorities to grant a concession for oil exploration to the company that later will be known as being Aramoc.
中文译文：旅游业滑坡导致年收入减少，沙特政府1935年给后来被称作Aramoc的公司特批了石油开采权。
5.It is because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet isfigured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth that we need to know the importance of big，mature trees.
结构分析：显然，句中被强调的部分是一个由because所引导的原因状语从句，将此句还原即是：Because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth，we need to know the importance of big，mature trees.
中文译文：正是因为人类在这个星球上的绝大多数生物伙伴的居住空间不仅体现在用平方尺寸来计算的面积上，而且还体现在用立方尺寸来计算的地面以上的体积上，所以我们需要知道成年大树的重要性。
四 被动句
被动语态由助动词be加过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
1.Therefore，like the timber barriers，the Fanwall barrier can be built without expensive concrete footings or piles，speeding the construction time up and reducing costs.
结构分析：can be built是被动语态，like the timber barriers是介词短语做状语，speeding the construction time up and reducing costs是分词短语做状语。
中文译文：因此，像木屏障一样，建造Fanwall屏障，不需要昂贵的混凝土地基，而且加快了建造时间，降低了费用。
2.The ancient Olympics were abolished by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in 393 A.D.， after Greece had lost its independence.
结构分析：were abolished是被动语态的过去式形式。after引导一时间状语从句。罗马皇帝采用首字母提炼法变为RET。
中文译文：在希腊失去独立后，古代奥运会在公元393年被罗马皇帝西奥多（Theodosius）废除了。
3.For more than 1，000 years the ancient Games were held，every four years，on hallowed ground near Mount Olympus，where the Greek gods were said to live.
结构分析：were held是hold的被动语态（过去式）。every four years是插入语，起补充说明作用。where引导一个定语从句。
中文译文：古代运动会每四年在奥林巴斯山附近的神圣大地上举行一次，已超过1000年，据说希腊的神仙居住在那里。
4.Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so，and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.
结构分析：本句为一个祈使句：remember的宾语由and连接的两个宾语从句担任；第二个宾语从句为一个主从复合句：if引导一个状语从句，而that引导的从句为prove的宾语。
中文译文：假如不那么做，你可能被送上法庭；到时如果你不能向法庭证明你有理由可以不系安全带，你将会被罚款。这一点你必须牢记在心。
5.Oceanography has been defined as“the application of all sciences to the study of the sea”. 结构分析：be defined as意为“被定义为”；apply（application的动词）…to…意为 “将……应用于……”。
中文译文：海洋学被定义为“综合应用所有科学对海洋进行的研究”。
Day 2 巧用阅读方法解题
双向式阅读法
雅思阅读文章大多比较长，信息量大。这样的一篇长文章带着10余个题目摆在你面前，你怎么阅读和做题呢？
如果先将文章从头到尾细读一遍，然后做题的话，这种方法虽然准确率较高，但很费时间。使用这种方法，即使你的英语水平再好，通常在考试时间内也做不完题。
下面，我们详细介绍一下“双向式阅读法”。这种方法是：
不读文章，直接做题，按照各种题型的解题技巧依次做题。边做题，边读文章。
雅思阅读最大的特点是题型众多，题型技巧是雅思阅读的核心。关于各题型的解题技巧，我们将分别进行详细讲解。
首先，我们通过两篇文章详细介绍一下双向式阅读法的使用。
Reading Passage
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.
Micro Enterprise Credit for Street Youth
I am from a large，poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast.Ever since I joined the Street Kids International Program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast.I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.
Doreen Soko
We’ve had business experience.Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been doing.I’ve learnt cash management，and the way of keeping money so we save for reinvestment.Now business is a part of our lives.As well，we didn’t know each other before—now we’ve made new friends.
Fan Kaoma
Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program，Zambia
Introduction
Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world，relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people.Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances.
Over the past nine years，Street Kids International（S.K.I.）has been working with partner organisations in Africa，Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children.The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I.and our partners have learned.
Background
Typically，children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause，but to a combination of factors：a dearth of adequately funded schools，the demand for income at home，family breakdown and violence.The street may be attractive to children as a place tofind adventurous play and money.However，it is also a place where some children are exposed，with little or no protection，to exploitative employment，urban crime，and abuse.
Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled，labour-intensive tasks which require long hours，such as shining shoes，carrying goods，guarding or washing cars，and informal trading.Some may also earn income through begging，or through theft and other illegal activities.At the same time，there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work.Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence.It is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment，and flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.
Street Business Partnerships
S.K.I.has worked with partner organisations in Latin America，Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income.
●The S.K.I.Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan.Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles，which they used to deliver parcels and messages，and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages.A similar program was taken up in Bangalore，India.
●Another successful project，the Shoe Shine Collective，was a partnership program with the Y.W.C.A.in the Dominican Republic.In this project，participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes.They were also given a safe place to store their equipment and facilities for individual savings plans.
●The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A.street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training，life skills training and access to credit.
Lessons Learned
The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I.and partner organisations have created.
●Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone，not for every street child.Ideally， potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months，and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.
●The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs.When children have had a major role in determining procedures， they are more likely to abide by and enforce the procedures.
●It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills.
●There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program，where such relationships exist.Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live，and to understand more about each individual’s situation.
●Small loans are provided initially for purchasingfixed assets such as bicycles，shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall.As the entrepreneurs gain experience，the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts.The loan amounts in S.K.I.programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100.
●All S.K.I.programs have charged interest on the loans，primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money.Generally the rates have been modest（lower than bank rates）.
Conclusion
There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs.The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives.However，we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.
Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter，A，B，C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1.The quotations in the box at the beginning of the article____.
A.exemplify the effects of S.K.I
B.explain why S.K.I.was set up
C.outline the problems of street children
D.highlight the benefits to society of S.K.I
2.The main purpose of S.K.I.is to____.
A.draw the attention of governments to the problem of street children
B.provide schools and social support for street children
C.encourage the public to give money to street children
D.give business training and loans to street children
3.Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets？
A.unemployment B.war C.poverty D.crime
4.In order to become more independent，street children may____.
A.reject paid employment B.leave their families
C.set up their own businesses D.employ other children
Questions 5-8
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
Question 9-12
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage？
In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
9.Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.
10.In some cases，the families of street children may needfinancial support from S.K.I.
11.Only onefixed loan should be given to each child.
12.The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.
Question 13
Choose the correct letter，A，B，C or D.
Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet.
13.The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street ch
A.as part of a wider program of aid.
B.for programs that are not too ambitious.
C.when programs are supported by local businesses.
D.if the projects planned are realistic and useful.
下面，我们使用“双向阅读法”做这篇文章的题目。
不读文章，直接开始依次做题。
Questions 1-4 题型：选择题（四选一）
1.A
先读题目，对应到原文开始处的引语。阅读两段引语，确定答案为A。此题容易误选D。选项D不正确的原因是：D说的是S.K.I.对society的好处，而原文说的是S.K.I.对他们个人的好处。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第2题。
2.D
先读题目，然后在原文第1题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。答案对应原文的Introduction部分的第一句话：Although small-scale…to young people.
中文译文：虽然小规模的商业培训和信贷项目在全球越来越普遍，但相对而言，把这样的机会给予年轻人却几乎没有引起人们的关注。
理解了这句话的意思，就应该能确定答案为D。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第3题。
3.C
先读题目，然后在原文第1题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。答案对应原文的Background部分的第1段的第一句话：Typically，children do…breakdown and violence.
原文中的the demand for income at home对应于选项中的poverty，确定答案为C。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第4题。
4.C
先读题目，然后在原文第1题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文的Background部分的第2段：Many children may…and domestic tasks.
原文中的choose entrepreneurship对应于选项中的C。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第5～8题。
Questions 5-8 题型：填图填表
5．Sudan,India
6.bicycles
第5题和第6题可以一起做。
先读题目，然后在原文第4题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文Street Business Partnerships部分的第1段。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第7题。
7.shoe shine collective
先读题目，然后在原文第6题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文Street Business Partnerships部分的第2段。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第8题。
8.life skills
先读题目，然后在原文第7题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文Street Business Partnerships部分的第3段。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第9～12题。
Questions 9-12 题型：T/F/NG
9.NO
先读题目，然后在原文第8题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文的Lessons learned部分的第1段：Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone，not for every street child.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第10题。
10.NOT GIVEN
先读题目，然后在原文第9题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。原文只提到了S.K.I.给street childrenfinancial support。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第11题。
11.NO
先读题目，然后在原文第10题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文的Lessons learned部分的倒数第2段。
注意：题目中包含only 一词，答案为NO的概率最高，这也是第三章中，我们要为大家总结的“T/F/NG”题型的规律之一。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第12题。
12.YES
先读题目，然后在原文第11题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文的Lessons learned部分的最后一段。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第13题。
Questions 13 题型：选择题（四选一）
13.A
先读题目，然后在原文第12题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文的Conclusion部分的最后一句：
However，we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.
中文译文：然而，我们认为提供信贷必须和其他支持方式同时进行，这些方式不仅帮助他们把生意做好，还帮他们获得重要的生活技能。
这篇文章的题目就全部做完了，文章也基本读完了。这就是“双向阅读法”的本质：边做题，边读文章。随着把题目做完，文章也就读完了。
下面，我们再用“双向阅读法”做一篇文章。
Reading Passage
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12 which are based on Reading Passage below.
What Do Whales Feel？
An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans，the group of mammals comprising whales，dolphins and porpoises.
Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water.For example，it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell.Baleen species，on the other hand，appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional.It has been speculated that，as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head，the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed.Similarly，although at least some cetaceans have taste buds，the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.
The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too，but this view is probably mistaken.Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’responsiveness to being touched or rubbed，and both captive and free ranging cetacean individuals of all species（particularly adults and calves，or members of the same subgroup）appear to make frequent contact.This contact may help to maintain order within a group，and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species.The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.
The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species.Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater—specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year，and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii—have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater，and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air.However，the position of the eyes so restricts thefield of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.
On the other hand，the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward.Eye position in freshwater dolphins，which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding，suggests that the vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward.By comparison，the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water.Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish，it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as well.And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor，the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take smallfish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.
Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed.For example，vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters that to those living in turbid rivers andfiooded plains.The South American boutu and Chinese beiji，for instance，appear to have very limited vision，and the Indian sinus are blind，their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light.
Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated，and vision in water appears to be uncertain，such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’well-developed acoustic sense.Most species are highly vocal，although they vary in the range of sounds they produce，and many forage for food using echolocation.Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire.Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex，haunting utterances of the humpback whales.Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum，and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species（though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else）.Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative，although what role they may play in the social life and“culture”of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science.
echolocation：the perception of objects by means of sound wave echoes.
Questions 1-7
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
Questions 8-12
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-12 on your answer sheet.
8.Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating？
9.Which species swim upside down while eating？
10.What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water？
11.Which type of habitat is related to good visual ability？
12.Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans？
下面，我们使用“双向阅读法”做这篇文章。
Reading Passage
不读文章，直接开始依次做题。
Questions 1-7 题型：填图填表
1.taste buds
先读题目，发现题目的前一项是关于smell的，但并没有出题目。这说明文章的开始处肯定有一些篇幅是在说smell的，可以不读这些内容，这样可以更快地找到答案。这也证明了“双向阅读法”的好处。如果不看题，先详细阅读文章，读这部分内容就是浪费时间了。答案对应原文第1段的最后一句：Similarly，although at…or are rudimentary.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第2题。
2.baleen whales
先读题目，发现题目的前一项是关于touch的，但并没有出题目。这说明文章在第1题的答案之后有一些篇幅是在说touch的，可以不读这些内容。此题是关于vision的，文章的第2段是说touch，第3段开始说vision，从第3段开始逐句仔细阅读。答案对应原文第3段的最后一句：However，the position…stereoscopic vision.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第3题。
3.forward，downward
先读题目，然后在原文第2题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文第4段的第一句：On the other…forward and downward.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第4题。
4.freshwater dolphins
先读题目，然后在原文第3题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文第4段的第2句：Eye position in…forward and upward.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第5题。
5.water
先读题目，然后在原文第4题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文第4段第3句：By comparison…vision in water.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第6题。
6.the lower frequencies
先读题目，发现此题的前两行并没有出题目。这说明，文章在第5题的答案之后有一些篇幅是在说这些内容，因为没有出题目，可以略去不读。此题答案对应原文第6段：Large baleen whales…in their repertoire.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第7题。
7.bowhead humpback
先读题目，然后在原文第6题的答案之后，继续阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文第6段：Notable exceptions…humpback whales.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第8～12题。
Questions 8-12 题型：简答题
8.touch
先读题目，此题比较难。题目中的mating是“交配”的意思。即使知道这个词的意思，要在原文中找到对应也比较困难。第7题的答案已经在文章的最后一段了。所以此题的答案应该从文章的最开始处寻找。答案对应原文第2段的倒数第2句：This contact may…in most species.
courtship在这句话里是“求爱，追求”的意思。
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第9题。
9.freshwater dolphins
先读题目，通过做1～7题，已经对文章的大致内容有所了解，应该能够直接将问题对应到原文第4段的第2句：Eye position in…forward and upward.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第10题。
10.airborne flying fish
先读题目，通过做1～7题，已经对文章的大致内容有所了解，应该能够直接将问题对应原文第4段：Judging from the…interface as well.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第11题。
11.clear open waters
先读题目，因为1～7题中没有涉及这个内容，不能直接对应到原文，在原文第10题的答案之后阅读，确定本题的答案。对应原文倒数第2段：For example，vision…andfiooded plains.
确定此题答案后，不再读文章了，看第12题。
12.acoustic
先读题目，通过做1～7题，已经对文章的大致内容有所了解，应该能够直接将问题对应原文最后一段的第一句：Although the senses of…acoustic sense.
双向式阅读法的理论基础是：雅思阅读文章的顺序性。也就是说，在雅思阅读文章中，题目的顺序与原文的顺序是基本一致的。所以说，“双向阅读法”的本质就是：边做题，边读文章。
关于雅思阅读文章的顺序性，我们总结如下两点：
1.在同一种题型中，基本都是有顺序性的。
例如，在上一节的第一篇文章“Micro Enterprise Credit for Street Youth”中有如下4种题型：
1～4 选择题（四选一） 1～4题是有顺序性的。
5～8 填图填表 5～8题是有顺序性的。
9～12 T/F/NG 9～12题是有顺序性的。
13 是选择题（四选一） 13题是有顺序性的（只有一个题，当然有顺序性了）。又例如，在上一节的第2篇文章“What Do Whales Feel？”中有如下两种题型：
1～7 填图填表 1～7题是有顺序性的。
8～12 问答题 8～12题是有顺序性的。
同一种题型的顺序性，有如下3种例外情况：
（1）大部分的搭配题是没有顺序性的。
（2）极少数题目虽然没有顺序性，但有更好的定位方法。有些题目中，包含时间、数字、人名、地名等专有名词。即使没有顺序性，也能通过这些特殊词，更快地定位到原文。在这种情况下，题目设计有时就不具备顺序性了。
（3）极少数题目没有顺序性，也没有更好的定位方法。
如一种题型的第5题和第6题，原文中第6题的答案反而在第5题的答案之前。而且，第6题的题目中也没有任何的特殊词帮助快速定位。这时，找到第6题的答案就比较困难。但是，这样的情况在雅思阅读中是极少出现的。
2.在相邻的两种题型中，50%的情况下是有顺序性的，50%的情况下有交叉。
在上一节的第一篇文章“Micro Enterprise Credit for Street Youth”中有如下4种题型：
1～4 选择题（四选一）
5～8 填图填表
9～12 T/F/NG
13 选择题（四选一）
我们注意到，在原文中，第2种题型的第一个题目（即第5题）的答案在第一种题型的最后一个题目（即第4题）的答案之后。同样，第3种题型的第一个题目（即第9题）的答案在第2种题型的最后一个题目（即第8题）的答案之后。第4种题型的第一个题目（即第13题）的答案在第3种题型的最后一个题目（即第12题）的答案之后。也就是说，在这篇文章中，不仅同一种题型是有顺序性的，而且相邻的两种题型也有顺序性的。这时，在做第2种题型的第一个题目时，可以在第一种题型的最后一题的答案之后找答案。
在上一节的第2篇文章“What Do Whales Feel？”中有如下两种题型：
1～7 填图填表
8～12 问答题
我们注意到，在原文中，第2种题型的第一个题目（即第8题）的答案不在第一种题型的最后一个题目（即第7题）的答案之后。也就说，在这篇文章中，同一种题型是有顺序性的，但是相邻的两种题型并没有顺序性，我们称这种情况为“有交叉”。这时，在做第2种题型的第一个题目时，要从文章开始处找答案，而不能在第一种题型的最后一题的答案之后找答案。
实际上，相邻的两种题型是有顺序性的，还是有交叉，在做完第一种题型之后，基本就能够知道。如果第一种题型的最后一题的答案在原文的比较靠前的位置（如上一节的第一篇文章“Micro Enterprise Credit for Street Youth”中的第4题），那么，它就应该是有顺序性的。相反，如果第一种题型的最后一题的答案基本在文章的最后了（如上一节的第2篇文章“What Do Whales Feel？”中的第7题），那么，它就应该是有交叉的。
找段落的小标题
题型多是雅思阅读考试的一个特点，也是它的一个难点。本书把它归纳为如下5种题型：
1.找段落的小标题
2.细节题
3.搭配题
4.全文主旨题
5.特殊题型
其中，“细节题”数量最多，它又包括如下6种类型：
1.T/F/NG
2.问答题
3.选择题
4.完成句子
5.填图填表
6.摘要填空
我们先学习第一种题型“找段落的小标题”。
一 题型样式
文章由若干段话组成，要求给每段话找一个小标题。小标题即指该段话的段落大意、中心思想和主旨。
题目并不是让你写出每段话的小标题，这样不易评判对错。而是要求从选项列表（list of headings）中选择每段小标题。在现在的考试中，选项的数目往往大大多于文章中段落的数目，假如文章有5段话，选项的数目很可能是10个，甚至12个。也就是说，列表中有很多干扰选项。
通常是给出其中的一段话或两段话的小标题作为例子，要求考生选余下段落的小标题。给出小标题的段落较多情况下是原文的第一段。
二 解题步骤
（一）先将例子所在的选项从选项列表中划去
每个选项最多只能用一次，也就是说，两个段落的小标题不可能是同一个选项。这是因为不同段落的主旨肯定是不同的，原文将它们分为不同的段落，就是要分别说不同的内容。如果两段的主旨相同，即表达的中心思想一致，就应该将它们合为一段，是没有必要分为两段的。
有时，这类题目的要求中有：You may use any heading more than once（你可以使用任何小标题超过一次）。这句话纯属误导，也就是说，即使题目的要求中有这句话或类似的话出现，任何选项也不可能被使用两次或两次以上。
既然每个选项最多只能用一次，例子所在的段落已经使用的选项是不会被其他段落使用的，应将其划去，以免被其他的段落误选。在选其他段落的答案时，也可以不看该选项，以节省时间。
（二）不要先看选项，而要先读文章，读一段话，做一道题
大家先想一下，下面的做题方法好吗？
先看第一个选项，读懂它的意思。然后读原文的各个段落，判断该选项是原文哪个段落的小标题。然后按照同样的方法处理其余的各选项。
这样的做法不好。因为选项的数目远远大于原文段落的数目，所以这样做，不仅花费很多时间，而且极易受到干扰选项的误导。很可能第一个选项就是干扰选项，你花费了很多时间，将这个选项与原文的各段落相对照，结果发现它是一个干扰选项，就已经浪费了很多时间。
正确的方法是：
不要先看选项，而要先读文章。读文章的时候，不要一次把文章全读完，而是读一段话，做一道题。假如原文的第一段已作为例子给出，那么，先读第2段，然后到选项列表中找该段话的小标题。然后再读第3段，同样处理，直至完成。这样做，不仅速度快，而且准确率高。
（三）读每段话时，通读全段，同时注意寻找段落的主题句
主题句的特征是：
1.如果段落的第一句中包含让步状语，它肯定是主题句。
包含让步状语的句子常常有如下的句式：
Although A，B.
While A，B.
Despite A，B.
中文意思是：虽然A，但是B。要说明的观点在B中。这句话肯定是主题句，更准确地说，B肯定是主题句。
例 某段话的第一句为：
However，despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available，including the use of psychometric tests，assessment centres，etc.，many organisations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes unstructured interview.
中文译文：虽然招收新人的决定很重要，而且有很多成熟的并且更客观的选择技巧，包括心理测试、评判中心等，但是很多单位仍然准备基于30到45分钟的无组织面试来做出决定。
这句肯定是主题句。但它比较复杂，不好理解。应重点看主句部分many organisations are…unstructured interview。
正确答案为：iii The unstructured interview and its validity.
2.如果段落的第一句是如下句型，则它肯定是主题句。
Doing something is not easy.
Doing something is complicated.
Doing something is difficult.
Doing something is complex.
It is not easy to do something.
It is complicated to do something.
It is difficult to do something.
It is complex to do something.
正确选项通常为：doing something、how to do something或methods of doing something。
3.如果段落的第一句是问句，则它肯定不是主题句，而第二句是主题句。
4.如果段落的第一句是如下句型，则它肯定是主题句。
not only A，but also B.
not only…but also…的意思是“不仅，而且”，常用来承上启下。not only后面的部分是“承上”，即上一段的主旨，but also后面的部分是“启下”，即本段话的主旨。所以，这句话肯定是主题句，更准确地说，B肯定是主题句。
例 某段话的第一句为：
Diversity exists not only between cultures，but also within a single culture.
中文译文：多样性不仅存在于不同的文化之间，还存在于同一文化之中。
本句用来承上启下。not only后面的部分是“承上”，即上一段的主旨是：多样性存在于不同的文化之间，but also后面的部分是“启下”，即本段话的主旨是：多样性存在于同一文化之中。
正确选项为：G：Variation within cultures.
请注意：正确选项中的Variation是原文主题句中Diversity的同义词。这也说明，正确答案常常是主题句的改写。
5.如果段落中某句话是举例子的句子，则它肯定不是主题句，而它前面的那个句子是主题句。
举例子的句子，通常采用如下句型：
A.For example，B.
A是主题句，B不是主题句。
6.如果段落中某句话是如下句型，则它肯定是主题句。
A shows that B.
A showing that B.
A suggests that B.
show、suggest是“表明，说明”的意思，其后的宾语从句B往往是要说明的观点，是该段话的主旨。
例 某段话中有一句为：
Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce，Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed（Watson 1991）.
中文译文：虽然有孩子的妇女参加工作的数目显著地上升，但是过去15年澳大利亚的研究一致表明，家庭工作的劳动分工实际上是固定不变的。
这句话比较复杂，不好理解。应用前面的注意事项3，重点看主句部分。主句部分中，有show的类似结构：showing that，所以其后的宾语从句是要说明的观点，是该段话的主旨。正确答案应是，divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed的改写。其中，关键词是rigid，在本句中的意思是“固定不变的”。
正确答案为：vi The unchanged role of the female parent.
请注意：正确选项中的unchanged是原文主题句中关键词rigid的同义词。
7.通读全段后，如果段落中没有明显的主题句，这时，如果读懂了全段的主要意思，就把它归纳总结一下。如果没有读懂，可以把段落的第一句看作是主题句。第一句是主题句的概率超过50%，所以应该重点理解第一句话的意思。
（四）在选项列表中依次看各选项，正确选项是主题句的改写
（五）某段的答案确定后，将它的选项从选项列表中划去
我们在前面讲过，每个选项最多只能用一次，也就是说，不可能两个段落的小标题是同一个选项。所以，一段话的答案确定后，应将它的选项从选项列表中划去，以免被其他的段落误选。而且在选其他段落的答案时，可以不看该选项，节省时间。但如果某段话的答案不太确定，如第3段，可能是对应C，也可能不是对应C，这时则不能将C从选项列表中划去。
三 注意事项
（一）如果答案不确定，则先将可能正确的选项全部选出
如果一个段落的答案不确定，如第2段可能是对应B或D，应将它们先都选出来，写在题目的旁边，再往下做。这样做的好处是，下面某一段，如第4段你能够确定是D，那么，第2段就能确定是B。因为，我们在前面讲过，每个选项最多只能用一次，也就是说，不可能两个段落的小标题是同一个选项。第2段可能是B或D，但如果你能够确定第四段是D，那么第2段就是B了。即使第2段后面各段落的Heading都不是B或D，最后在确定第2段的Heading时，也是从B和D中选择一个。
（二）两个选项，雌雄难辨，优先选择后一个选项
两个选项，雌雄难辨，说明其中一个选项是正确答案，另一个选项是陷阱。出题者在出题时，通常会把陷阱放在前面，把正确答案放在后面。这条规律，在以后的练习中会经常出现。
（三）包含下列词的选项，是正确选项的可能性很大
这些词包括：origin，cause，reason；effect，implication，impact
其中，前3个词是表示“原因”的，后3个词是表示“结果、影响”的，都像是在对一段话进行总结。因此，是正确选项的可能性很大。
四 例题讲解
Questions 1-5
Read Passage 1.“The Nature of Disputes”has 6 sections.
Choose the most suitable heading for each section from the list of headings（i-xii）below.Write the appropriate numbers（i-xii）in boxes 15 on your answer sheet.
N.B.：There are more headings than sections so you will not use all of them.
List of Headings
iThe cost of adjudication
iiHandling rightsbased disputes
iiiPunishing acts of aggression
ivThe role of dependence in disputes
vThe role of arbitrators
viMethods of settling confiicting interests
viiEnsuring choice for consumers
viiiFulfilling employee’s needs
ixThe use of negotiation for different dispute types
xAdvantages of negotiation over mediation
xiThe role of power in settling disagreements
xiiDisagreement of interests
The Nature of Disputes
To resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into a single outcome.The two parties may choose to focus their attention on one or more of three basic factors.They may seek to（1）reconcile their interests，（2）determine who is right，and/or（3）determine who is more powerful.
Section A
Interests are needs，desires，concerns，fears—the things one cares about or wants.They provide the foundation for a person’s or an organisation’s position in a dispute.In a dispute，not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party，but they are in confiict.For example，the director of sales for an electronics company gets into a dispute with the director of manufacturing over the number of TV models to produce.The director of sales wants to produce more models because her interest is in selling TV sets.More models mean more choices for consumers and hence increased sales.The director of manufacturing，however，wants to produce fewer models.His interest is in decreasing manufacturing costs and more models mean higher costs.
Section B
Reconciling such interests is not easy.It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns，devising creative solutions，and making tradeoffs and compromises where interests are opposed.The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation，the act of communication
intended to reach agreement.Another interestsbased procedure is mediation，in which a third party assists the disputants，the two sides in the dispute，in reaching agreement.
Section C
By no means do all negotiations（or mediations）focus on reconciling interests.Some negotiations focus on determining who is right，such as when two lawyers argue about whose case has the greater merit.Other negotiations focus on determining who is more powerful，such as when quarrelling neighbours or nations exchange threats and counter threats.Often
negotiations involve a mix of all three—some attempts to satisfy interests，some discussion of rights，and some references to relative power.
Section D
It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute.Although it is usually straightforward where rights are formalised in law，other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behaviour，such as reciprocity，precedent，equality，and seniority.
There are often different—and sometimes contradictory—standards that apply to rights.Reaching agreement on rights，where the outcome will determine who gets what，can often be so difficult that the parties frequently turn to a third party to determine who is right.The most typical rights procedure is adjudication，in which disputants present evidence and arguments to a neutral third party who has the power to make a decision that must be followed by both disputants.（In mediation，by contrast，the third party does not have the power to decide the dispute）Public adjudication is provided by courts and administrative agencies.Private adjudication is provided by arbitrators.
Section E
A third way to resolve a dispute is on the basis of power.We define power，somewhat narrowly，as the ability to pressure someone to do something he would not otherwise do.Exercising power typically means imposing costs on the other side or threatening to do so.The exercise of power takes two common forms：acts of aggression，such as physical attack，and withholding the benefits that derive from a relationship，as when employees stop working in a strike.
Section F
In relationships of mutual dependence，such as between labour and management or within an organisation or a family，the question of who is more powerful turns on who is less dependent on the other.If a company needs the employees’work more than employees need the company’s pay，the company is more dependent and hence less powerful.How dependent one is turns on how satisfactory the alternatives are for satisfying one’s interests. The better the alternative，the less dependent one is.If it is easier for the company to replace striking employees than it is for striking employees to find new jobs，the company is less dependent and thereby more powerful.Determining who is the more powerful party without a decisive and potentially destructive power contest is difficult because power is ultimately a matter of perceptions.
答案及详解
Questions 1-5 题型：找段落小标题
1.xii
Section A，通读全段，段落中有一句是for example句型，它前面的句子是主题句，也就是本段的第3句：In a dispute，not…are in confiict.
中文译文：在一个纠纷中，一方的利益与另一方不仅不一致，而且它们是冲突的。
对照选项列表，本段话的Heading是xii。
2.vi
Section B，通读全段，本段话的第一句：Reconciling such interests is not easy.
中文译文：使利益一致是不容易的。
根据前面讲的规律，这句话是该段话的主题句。
本段的Heading为vi，即Methods of settling confiicting interests（解决冲突利益的方法）。
3.ii
Section D，通读全段，没有明显的主题句。如果理解全段有困难，则把本段话的第一句当作是该段话的主题句（实际上，它确实也是本段话的主题句）：It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute.
中文译文：决定谁在纠纷中正确通常是很不容易的。与选项一一对应，正确答案为ii，即Handling rightsbased disputes（处理基于对错的冲突）。
4.xi
Section E，通读全段，没有找到明显的主题句。如果理解全段意思有困难，则把本段话的第一句当作是该段话的主题句（实际上，它也确实是本段话的主题句）：A third way to resolve a dispute is on the basis of power.
中文译文：解决冲突的第3种方法是基于力量。
关键词是power。与选项一一对应，正确答案为xi，即The role of power in settling disagreements（力量在解决冲突中的作用）。
5.iv
Section F，通读全段，没有找到明显的主题句。如果理解全段意思有困难，则把本段话的第一句当作是该段话的主题句（实际上，它也确实是本段话的主题句）：In relationships…on the other.
中文译文：在相互依赖的关系中，例如，劳资关系在一个家庭或一个组织中，谁更有力量的问题就转换成谁更少依赖于另一方的问题。
本句比较复杂，中间有一个较长的插入语，可先略去不读。关键词是dependence和dependent。与选项一一对应，正确答案为iv，即The role of dependence in disputes（依赖性在冲突中的作用）。
Day 3 必须关注细节（上）
细节题——T/F/NG
在雅思五大题型中，“细节题”占的比例最大，它又包括如下6种类型：
1.T/F/NG
2.问答题
3.选择题
4.完成句子
5.填图填表
6.摘要填空
这6种题型的解题方法是类似的，我们先一一介绍一下，然后再分别介绍每种题型的注意事项。
1.仔细阅读题目，搞清题目的意思，找出其中的关键词。
2.定位到原文。
（1）题干中如果包含年代、人名、地名、数字、专有名词，那么这些词肯定是关键词，因为原文中不会对这些词做改变，而且这些词特别好找，依据这些词，常常能对应到原文中的一句话。
（2）如果原文有小标题，将题目中的关键词与各小标题相对照，对应到原文的某一个段落。
（3）如果这篇文章有“找段落的小标题”这个题型，将题目中的关键词与找出的各小标题相对照，对应到原文的某一个段落。
（4）要注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。此题型是有顺序性的。第一题的答案应在文章的前部，第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后，在第三题的答案之前。这个规律也有助于同学们确定答案的位置。
3.阅读原文相关文字，结合题目，确定正确答案。
今天，我们重点讲解“T/F/NG”这一重要题型。
一 题型样式
题目是若干个陈述句（statement），要求根据原文所给的信息，判断每个陈述句是对（TRUE），错（FALSE），还是未提及（NOT GIVEN）。
这种题型的难度在于，在对和错之外还有个第三种状态：未提及。很多同学难以区分“错”和“未提及”，“对”和“未提及”。
二 注意事项
1.题目中包含“must”或“only”等词，答案是FALSE的概率最高，大约为65%，答案是NOT GIVEN的概率大约为30%，答案是TRUE的概率最低，大约为5%。
原文是两个或多个情形（通常是两种情形）都可以，常有“both…and…”“and”“or”“also”等词。题目是“必须”或“只有”其中一个情况，常有“must”及“only”等词。这时，答案是FALSE。否则，答案是NOT GIVEN或TRUE。
2.原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的词。这时，答案是FALSE。
3.原文是主观愿望，题目是客观事实。这时，答案是NOT GIVEN。
原文中常用“aim（目的）”“purpose（目的）”“promise（目的）”“swear（发誓）”及“vow（发誓）”等词。题目中用实意动词。
例1 原文：He vowed he would never come back.
中文译文：他发誓他将永不回来。
题 目：He never came back.
中文译文：他没再回来。
解 释：原文中说他发誓将永不回来，但实际怎么样，我们并不知道。也可能他违背了自己的誓言。所以答案应为NOT GIVEN。
例2 原文：His aim was to bring together，once every four years，athletes from all countries on the friendlyfields of amateur sport.
中文译文：他的目的是每四年一次，把各国的运动员聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上。
题目：Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.
中文译文：只有业余运动员被允许在现代奥运会中竞争。
解释：原文中用“aim”表示目的，题目用实意动词表示事实。把各国的运动员聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上，这只是创建者的目的，实际情况如何，文章中没说，所以答案应为NOT GIVEN。
4.一定要依据原文，不能凭借自己的知识做题。
原文是判断答案的唯一根据。所以，无论你对文章的内容或背景多么熟悉，或者你的知识面多么丰富，都不能凭借自己的知识来确定答案。即使题目中说“地球是正方形的”。如果文章中没说，你只能答NOT GIVEN，不能答FALSE。
例原文：His aim was to bring together，once every four years，athletes from all countries on the friendlyfields of amateur sport.
中文译文：他的目的是每四年一次，把各国的运动员聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上。
题目：Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.
中文译文：只有业余运动员被允许在现代奥运会中竞争。
解释：有的同学会认为，现在奥运会中有很多职业运动员参赛，所以答FALSE。但很可惜，这是你自己的知识，文章中没说，所以答案应为NOT GIVEN。
5.可以根据原文做适当的推断，但不能做无根据地自行推理或推之甚深。
有些题目需要根据原文做适当的推断，才能确定正确答案，但必须是根据原文来做推断，不能做毫无根据的推理。而且一般来讲，即使有推理，也只推一步，不会推得很深。有些阅读水平较好的同学，如不掌握前面讲的规律和方法，做这种题型反而错得更多，主要原因就是想得太多，或推理得太多和太深。
有时，不做适当的推断，就全是NOT GIVEN，因为毕竟题目和原文不会一模一样。如果自行推理或推之甚深，就全不是NOT GIVEN，因为你都给推理出来了。这两种情况，都是大家常犯的错误。怎么办？对于能够适用规律和原则的，就按规律和原则办，肯定没错。否则越想越容易错。对于应用不上规律和原则的，通过大量做题，找感觉才能解题。
6.要注意题目要求答什么。
同是是非题，有时题目要求考生答TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN，有时要求答T/F/NG，有时又要求考生答YES/NO/NOT GIVEN，必须按照要求去做。否则，本来判断正确，因为不符合要求而失分，就很可惜。避免答错的一个方法是：在平常练习中就按照题目的要求去答，而不要随心所欲。
7.在考试中，要相信自己的第一感觉，不要轻易改答案。
在考试中，除非有特别强的理由，否则不要轻易改答案，人的第一感觉往往是正确的。很多同学都将正确的答案改错了。
8.要注意上述规律和方法的运用，不要钻牛角尖。
这种题型本身有一定的缺陷，即不严密。所以，刚开始做这种题时，有时真有天下大乱的感觉。多做一些题就好了。刚开始做错了不要紧，先对照答案，顺着答案的思路想，慢慢找感觉，而不是和答案对着干，钻牛角尖。
三 例题讲解
Party Labels in Mid-Eighteenth Century England
1 Until the late 1950s the Whig interpretation of English history in the eighteenth century prevailed.This was successfully challenged by Lewis Namier，who proposed，based on an analysis of the voting records of MPs*from the 1760 intake following the accession to the throne of George III，that the accepted Whig*/Tory*division of polities did not hold.He believed that the political life of the period could be explained without these party labels， and that it was more accurate to characterize political division in terms of the Court versus Country.
2 An attempt was then made to use the same methodology to determine whether the same held for early eighteenth century politics.To Namier’s chagrin this proved that at the end of Queen Anne’s reign in 1714 voting in parliament was certainly based on party interest， and that Toryism and Whiggism were distinct and opposed political philosophies.Clearly， something momentous had occurred between 1714 and 1760 to apparently wipe out party ideology.The Namierite explanation is that the end of the Stuart dynasty on the death of Queen Anne and the beginning of the Hanoverian with the accession of George I radically altered the political climate.
3 The accession of George I to the throne in 1715 was not universally popular.He was a German，spoke little English，and was only accepted because he promised to maintain the Anglican religion.Furthermore，for those Tory members of government under Anne，he was nemesis，for his enthronement finally broke the hereditary principle central to Tory philosophy，confirming the right of parliament to depose or select a monarch.Moreover，he was aware that leading Tories had been in constant communication with the Stuart court in exile，hoping to return the banished King James II.As a result，all Tories were expelled from government，some being forced to escape to France to avoid execution for treason.
4 The failure of the subsequent Jacobite rebellion of 1715，where certain Tory magnates tried to replace George with his cousin James，a Stuart，albeit a Catholic，was used by the Whig administration to identify the word“Tory”with treason.This was compounded by the Septennial Act of 1716，limiting elections to once every seven years，which further entrenched the Whig’s power base at the heart of government focused around the crown. With the eradication of one of the fundamental tenets of their philosophy，alongside the systematic replacement of all Tory positions by Whig counterparts，Tory opposition was effectively annihilated.There was，however，a grouping of Whigs in parliament who were not part of the government.
5 The MOs now generally referred to as the“Independent Whigs”inherently distrusted the power of the administration，dominated as it was by those called“Court Whigs”.The independent Whig was almost invariably a country gentleman，and thus resisted the growth in power of those whose wealth was being made on the embryonic stock market. For them the permanency of land meant patriotism，a direct interest in one’s nation，whilst shares，easily transferable，could not be trusted.They saw their role as a check on the administration，a permanent guard against political corruption，the last line of defense of the mixed constitution of monarchy，aristocracy，and democracy.The reaction against the growing mercantile class was shared by the Tories，also generally landed country gentlemen.It is thus Namier’s contention，and that of those who follow his work，that by the Court administration，thus explaining why voting records in 1760 do not follow standard party lines.
6 It must be recognized that this view is not universally espoused.Revisionist historians such as Linda Colley dispute that the Tory party was destroyed during this period，and assert the continuation of the Tories as a discrete and persistent group in opposition.
*MP：Member of Parliament
*Whig：（a member）of a British political party of the 18th and early 19th centuries which supported the power of Parliament and wanted to limit royal power，and later became the Liberal Party
*Tory：（a member）of the British Conservative Party
Questions 1-4
Do the statements below agree with the information in the Reading Passage above？
YES if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
NO if the statement doesn’t agree with the information in the passage
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about the statement in the passage
1.Until the late 1950s the Whig interpretation of English history in the 18th century was the one that was widely accepted.
2.According to Namier，political divisions in the mid-18th century were not related to party labels.
3.According to Namier，something happened between 1714 and 1760 to affect party ideology.
4.George I was liked by everyone.
5.The independent Whigs were landowners with large estates.
6.Neither the Independent Whigs，nor the Tories trusted the mercantile class.
7.Namier’s views are supported by Colley.
8.Harris’s analysis of the press of the 1740s is used by Namier to support his own views.
答案及详解
1.YES
20世纪50年代末以前，自由党对于18世纪英国历史的解释被广泛接受。对应于原文的首句。
2.YES
根据Namier的说法，18世纪的政治分歧与党派（斗争）无关。对应于原文第一段的最后一句。
3.YES
根据Namier的说法，1714年和1760年之间发生的事情影响了党派的意识形态。对应于原文第2段中的句子：Clearly，something momentous had occurred between 1714 and 1760 to apparently wipe out party ideology.
4.NO
每个人都喜欢乔治一世。
原文第3段：The accession of George I to the throne in 1715 was not universally popular. 下文都是对此句的解释。
5.NOT GIVEN
独立的自由党员是大地主。
用Independent Whigs定位，原文第5段和第6段都没有提到他们是大地主。
6.YES
独立的自由党党员和保守党党员都不信任商业阶层。
原文第5段说：The reaction against the growing mercantile class was shared by the Tories， also generally landed country gentlemen.本句前后分别说明两党成员都不信任商业阶层。
7.NO
Colley支持Namier的观点。
用Colley定位到原文第6段。其首句为It must be recognized that this view is not universally espoused（必须认识到并不是所有人都支持Namier的观点）.本段下文便以Colley为例解释说明。
8.NOT GIVEN
Namier利用Harris对18世纪40年代报刊的分析支持自己的观点。
用Harris回原文第6段定位。在该段的最后一句中，没有提到Namier是否用Harris的分析来支持自己的观点。
细节题——问答题
一 题型样式
每个题目都是一个特殊疑问句，要求根据原文做出回答。
二 注意事项
1.绝大多数都有词数限制，必须满足。
绝大部分的题目要求中有词数限制，一般有如下几种表述方式：
（1）NO MORE THAN TWO/THREE/FOUR WORDS
（2）ONE OR TWO WORDS
（3）USE A MAXIMUM OF TWO WORDS
有词数限制的题目，一定要严格按照题目要求去做，必须满足要求。少部分的题目要求中没有词数限制，这时，请注意答案词数也不会很长，一般不会超过4个词。总之，这种题型的答案都是词或短语，很少是句子，所以又叫“短问答”。
2.满足词数限制的方法。
大多数简答题有词数的限制，找到答案后，如果答案超过了词数要求，就需要去掉一些词。基本原则是：保留核心词，去掉修饰词。依次去掉：
（1）冠词：a/an/the。
（2）副词：副词用来修饰动词，保留动词，去掉副词。
（3）形容词或分词：常用来修饰名词，保留名词，去掉形容词或分词。
（4）如果有必要，将A of B改为B A：这里A和B都是名词，如type of fabric，可改为fabric type，省掉一个词。
大家注意，在去掉多余的词的时候，不要去得太过。在满足词数要求的前提下，应尽可能地多保留一些原文中的词句。有时去得太过，会造成错误。例如正确答案为：Australian taxpayer，如果答成taxpayer是不对的。
3.答案必须要对应题目中的特殊疑问词。
绝大部分的答案是名词或名词短语，也有少部分是动词或形容词短语。详见下表：
4.所有的答案都不用大写，专有名词除外。
一句话的第一个字母需要大写，我们的答案大部分都是词或短语，都不是一句话，所以不用大写。但答案中的专有名词，如人名和地名需要大写，例如：Australian taxpayer，不能答为：australian taxpayer。
5.绝大部分的答案来自原文原词，极少一部分需要根据原文的意思自己写答案。
大部分的答案来自原文原词，而且是原文中连续的几个词。只有极少一部分需要自己写答案。所以，在考试中，如果发现有很多问题都需要自己写答案，应首先怀疑自己找错答案的位置。需要自己写答案的例子：
例原文：If your iron produces droplets of water instead of giving off steam，your temperature control is set too low.
题目：What should you do if your iron starts to drip water？
答案及解释：原文说：如果你的熨斗开始滴水而不是放出蒸汽，你设置的温度过低。题目问：如果你的熨斗开始滴水，你应该做什么？答案应该是升高温度的意思，但原文中并没有相应的原词，需要自己写出来。最好的答案是将your temperature control is set too low改为：set temperature high/higher。同样正确的答案有：increase the temperature或turn up temperature。
6.答案涉及数字的，最好写阿拉伯数字，以免发生拼写错误。题目问：How many/How much/What proportion时，答案一般是数词，这是最好写阿拉伯数字，这样最保险，不用拼写成英文。
7.答案涉及数字的，一般要有简单的四则运算。
题目问：How many/How much/What proportion/What is the cost时，答案一般不会直接是原文中出现的数字，而要涉及简单的四则运算，通常是加减法。
例原文：All major cities there have high car ownership，but welldeveloped bus and rail systems are available，and overall public transport typically accounts for between 20 and 30 percent of passengerkilometres.
题目：What proportion of passenger kilometres is undertaken by private automobile in Western Europe？
答案及解释：很多同学误答20%～30%。原文说：公共交通占20%～30%。题目问：私人小汽车所占的比例。答案应为：70%～80%。
三 例题讲解
Your Moulex Iron
A Filling the Reservoir
You iron is designed to function using tap water.However，it will last longer if you use distilled water.
—Always unplug the iron beforefilling the reservoir.
—Always empty the reservoir after use.
B Temperature and Steam Control
You Moulex iron has two buttons which control the intensity of heat produced by the iron. You can，therefore，adjust the temperature of the iron and the amount of steam being given off depending upon the type of fabric being ironed.
—Turn the steam control to the desired intensity.
—Turn the thermostat control to the desired temperature.
Important：If your iron produces droplets of water instead of giving off steam，your temperature control is set too low.
C Spray Button
This button activates a jet of cold water which allows you to iron out any unintentional creases.
Press the button for one second.
D Pressing Button
This button activates a super shot of steam which momentarily gives you an additional 40g of steam，when needed.
Important：Do not use this more thanfive successive times.
E Suits etc.
It is possible to use this iron in a vertical position so that you can remove creases from clothes on coathangers or from curtains.Turning the thermostat control and the steam button to maximum，hold the iron in a vertical position close to the fabric but without touching it. Hold down the pressing button for a maximum of one second.The steam produced is not always visible but is still able to remove creases.
Important：Hold the iron at a sufficient distance from silk and wool to avoid all risk of scorching.Do not attempt to remove creases from an item of clothing that is being worn，always use a coathanger.
F Auto-clean
In order that your iron does not become furred up，Moulex have integrated an autoclean system and we advise you to use it very regularly（1-2 times per month）.
—Turn the steam control to the off position.
—Fill the reservoir and turn the thermostat control to maximum.
—As soon as the indicator light goes out，unplug the iron and，holding it over the sink， turn the steam control to autoclean.Any calcium deposits will be washed out by the steam. Continue the procedure until the reservoir is empty.
Questions 1-4
Answer the following questions on the Moulex iron using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1.What sort of water are you advised to use？
2.What factor makes you decide on the quantity of steam to use？
3.What should you do if your iron starts to drip water？
4.What could damage your iron if you do not clean it？
答案及详解
1.distilled water
先读题目，题目中的关键词是“water”，对应到原文A段，因为A段的小标题为“Filling the Reservoir”，reservoir是“水库”的意思，在这里指“熨斗的储水箱”。reservoir和water对应上了。此题有个陷阱，有的同学从原文的第一句中得出错误答案：tap water（自来水），但原文中马上就有一个转折词However，正确答案应为：distilled water（蒸馏水）。只答distilled也对。
2.type of fabric
先读题目，题目中的关键词是“steam”，对应到原文B段“Temperature and steam control”，阅读该段话，根据题目中的其他关键词decide on，quantity，找到B段中的句子：…the amount of steam being given off depending upon the type of fabric being ironed.其中decide on对应depending upon，quantity对应amount。
3.set temperature high/higher
先读题目，不能直接对应到原文的一个段落，根据顺序性，从第6题的答案位置向后找，找到B段中的句子：If your iron produces droplets of water instead of giving off steam，your temperature control is set too low.原文中的produces droplets of water对应题目中的drip water。答案为set temperature high/higher。同样正确的答案有：increase the temperature 或turn up temperature，或其他表示升温的答案。注意，不能答成adjust/change the temperature，因为改变或调整温度并不代表升温，也可能是降低温度。也不能答成high/higher temperature，因为题目问What should you do，所以，答案的第一个词应是动词。
4.any calcium deposits或calcium deposits
先读题目，题目中的关键词是“clean”，对应到原文F段“Auto clean”，阅读该段话，找到段中的句子：Any calcium deposits will be washed out by the steam.答案为any calcium deposits或calcium deposits。
细节题——选择题
雅思考试的选择题分为四选一和多选多两种。四选一考的多，多选多考的很少。我们今天先重点讲解四选一，在最后，提一下多选。
一 题型样式
大家对四选一题型应该比较熟悉。题目有一个题干，然后有4个选项，让你从中选出最合适的选项。
二 注意事项
1.在读题时，把选项也读一下。
选项中的特殊词，如：时间、数字、人名、地名等可以作为定位的依据。
2.含有“绝对意义”的词汇的选项是正确选项的可能性很小。选项中含有“相对意义”的词汇是正确选项的可能性很大。
“绝对意义”的词汇包括：must，always，all，will。“相对意义”的词汇包括：can，may，not always，sometimes，some。也就是说，越是模棱两可、含含糊糊的选项，越可能是正确答案，因为它适用的范围更广。这条规律的适用性很强，实践证明它的准确率在90%以上。
3.如果一个选项合乎题意，还要看最后一个选项中是否是“all of the above”。如果是，它是正确选项的可能性很大。
4.如果两个选项特别相近，如只相差一个词，正确答案应是其中之一。
5.包含数字的选项是正确选项的可能性很小，但可以定位到原文的依据。
原文中通常会有这个数字，但都会做改变。这个数字是引诱你去选的陷阱。
三 例题讲解
Day after day we hear about how anthropogenic development is causing global warming. According to an increasingly vocal minority，however，we should be asking ourselves how much of this is media hype and how much is based on real evidence.It seems，as so often is the case，that it depends on which expert you listen to，or which statistics you study.
Yes，it is true that there is a mass of evidence to indicate that the world is getting warmer， with one of the world’s leading weather predictors stating that air temperatures have shown an increase of just under half a degree Celsius since the beginning of the twentieth century.And while this may not sound like anything worth losing sleep over，the international press would have us believe that the consequences could be devastating.Other experts，however，are of the opinion that what we are seeing is just part of a natural upward and downward swing that has always been part of the cycle of global weather.An analysis of the views of major meteorologists in the United States showed that less than 20%of them believed that any change in temperature over the last hundred years was our own fault—the rest attributed it to natural cyclical changes.
There is，of course，no denying that we are still at a very early stage in understanding weather.The effects of such variables as rainfall，cloud formation，the seas and oceans，gases such as methane and ozone，or even solar energy are still not really understood，and therefore the predictions that we make using them cannot always be relied on.Dr James Hansen， in 1988，was predicting that the likely effects of global warming would be a raising of world temperature which would have disastrous consequences for mankind：“a strong cause and effect relationship between the current climate and human alteration of the atmosphere”.He has now gone on record as stating that using artificial models of climate as a way of predicting change is all but impossible.In fact，he now believes that，rather than getting hotter，our planet is getting greener as a result of the carbon dioxide increase，with the prospect of increasing vegetation in areas which in recent history have been frozen wastelands.In fact，there is some evidence to suggest that as our computer-based weather models have become more sophisticated，the predicted rises in temperature have been cut back. In addition，if we look at the much reported rise in global temperature over the last century， a close analysis reveals that the lion’s share of that increase，almost three quarters in total，occurred before man began to“poison”his world with industrial processes and the accompanying greenhouse gas emissions in the second half of the twentieth century.
So should we pay any attention to those stories that scream out at us from billboards and television news headlines，claiming that man，with his inexhaustible dependence on oil-based machinery and ever more sophisticated forms of transport is creating a nightmare level of greenhouse gas emissions，poisoning his environment and ripping open the ozone layer？ Doubters point to scientific evidence，which can prove that，of all the greenhouse gases，only two percent come from man-made sources，the rest resulting from natural emissions.
Who，then，to believe：the environmentalist exhorting us to leave the car at home，to buy re-usable products packaged in recycled paper and to plant trees in our back yard？Or the sceptics，including，of course，a lot of big businesses who have most to lose，when they tell us that we are making a mountain out of a molehill？And my own opinion？The jury’s still out as far as I am concerned！
Questions 1-6
Choose the appropriate letters A-D for each question.
1.As to the cause of global warming，the author believes that____.
A.occasionally the facts depend on who you are talking to
B.the facts always depend on who you are talking to
C.often the facts depend on which expert you listen to
D.you should not speak to experts
2.More than 80%of the top meteorologists in the United States are of the opinion that____.
A.global warming should make us lose sleep
B.global warming is not the result of natural cyclical changes，but man-made
C.the consequences of global warming will be devastating
D.global warming is not man-made，but the result of natural cyclical changes
3.Our understanding of weather____.
A.leads to reliable predictions B.is variable
C.cannot be denied D.is not very developed yet
4.Currently，Dr James Hansen’s beliefs include the fact that____.
A.it is nearly impossible to predict weather change using artificial models
B.the consequences of global warming would be disastrous for mankind
C.there is a significant link between the climate now，and man’s changing of the atmosphere
D.the Earth is getting colder
5.Most of the increase in global temperature happened____.
A.in thefirst half of the twentieth century
B.in the second half of the twentieth century
C.in thefirst half of the nineteenth century
D.in the second half of the nineteenth century
6.Many big businesses____.
A.are exhorting us to leave the car at home
B.benefit a lot from global warming
C.are on the side of environmentalists as regards the cause of global warming
D.are on the side of the sceptics as regards the cause of global warming
答案及详解
1.C
对应原文第1段最后1句，答案：C.这经常要看你听从哪位专家的观点。
2.D
原文第2段有An analysis of the views of major meteorologists in the United States showed that less than 20%of them believed that any change in temperature over the last hundred years was our own fault（不到20%的主流气象学家认为，过去100年里任何的温度上升都是我们自己的过错）。下文破折号后面的the rest就是题干中的80%。大部分人认为全球变暖不是人类造成的，而是自然周期变化的结果。所以答案选D：全球变暖不是人类造成的，而是自然周期变化的结果。
3.D
原文第3段第1句说：There is，of course…in understanding weather.（当然，不可否认，我们对于天气的了解还处于初级阶段。）答案为D：还不成熟。
4.A
对应原文第3段倒数第2句：He has now…all but impossible.答案为A：用人造模型来预测天气变化几乎是不可能的。
注意：题干说的是目前James Hansen博士的看法，而B和C都是James Hansen博士1988年的观点。
5.A
对应原文第4段：a close analysis…greenhouse gas emissions in the second half of the twentieth century.指出3/4的气温升高都发生在人类开始污染环境的20世纪后半叶之前。答案为A：20世纪前半叶。
6.D
对应原文最后一段有：Or the sceptics…most to lose.答案为D：在全球变暖的原因方面，站在怀疑论者一边。
雅思考试的选择题分为四选一和多项选择两种。四选一，选项肯定是4个。即要求从A、B、C、D四项中选择一个最符合题意的选项。多项选择，选项肯定是5个或5个以上，而正确答案的数目肯定在2个以上。
与四选一相比，多项选择很容易，是一种简单题型。它具有以下几个特点：
（1）正确答案的数目是已知的。在题目的要求中会告诉你要选出几个选项。
（2）答案在原文中是集中出现的，对应原文中的列举。找到一个答案，其余几个就在它的前后不远处。
我们举一个中文阅读的例子来说明。文章如下：
帕金森症是一种顽症。它是由大脑中缺乏一种叫多巴胺的化学物质引起的。（以下删减100词。）
很多名人深受其苦。比如，我们改革开放的总设计师邓小平、拳王阿里、已故数学家陈景润等。（以下删减100词。）
题目是：以下哪3个人得过帕金森症？
A.邓小平 B.里根
C.拳王阿里 D.杨凡
E.陈景润
答案为：ACE
雅思考试多项选择的例题，在以后的综合练习中会出现，我们再作详细讲解。
Day 4 必须关注细节（下）
细节题——完成句子
一 题型样式
每个题目都是一个陈述句，但留有一个或两个空格，要求根据原文填空。
二 注意事项
1.所填答案必须符合语法。
因为是填空，所以所填答案必须符合语法规则。
2.绝大部分的答案来自原文原词。
大部分的答案来自原文原词，而且是原文中连续的几个词。
3.注意词数限制。
绝大部分的题目要求中有词数限制，这时必须满足要求。即使题目要求中没有词数限制，答案词数也不会很多，一般不会超过4个词。
三 例题讲解
Asia’s Energy Temptation
Nuclear power supplies 5%of the world’s energy from more than 400 plants.But with the exception of France and Japan，the rich world has stopped ordering new reactors.A technology that was once deemed both clean and“too cheap to metre”has proved to be neither.The industry’s chief hope now rests on the poor world.Westernfirms with reactors to sell will be relying on Asia，where electricity demand is growing at 8%a year.New reactors are planned in China，Indonesia，South Korea，Pakistan and India.It is good news for the reactors’ vendors；but these countries are making a mistake.
The economic arguments for building new nuclear plants arefiawed.The marginal costs of generating electricity from nuclear energy may be tiny，but，as the technology now stands， huge and uncertain costs are involved in building the power stations，dealing with spent fuel， and decommissioning.Many western governments which sang nuclear’s praises now admit that gas and hydropower can produce cheaper electricity.
The economics of nuclear power in the poor world could prove to be worse still.As in the rich world，fossil fuels such as gas and coal are invariably cheaper.In China the case for nuclear power may be a little stronger as domestic reserves of coal—though huge—are located far from some areas of growing electricity demand.But most developing countries， including China，are strapped for cash and need to increase electricity supply quickly to meet soaring demand.Nuclear plants fail on both counts：they are hugely capital-intensive，and can take as long as ten years to build.
Those still charmed by nuclear power nowadays make three new arguments in its favour： that it is a defence against climate change，against another OPEC-administered oil shock，and against the inevitable exhaustion of fossil fuels.None bears close examination.
At present rates of demand，the world has enough oil to last for more than 40 years， enough gas for more than 60 years and enough coal for more than 230 years.Naturally， demand will increase；but so will reserves as companies explore more widely and costs fall. Since 1970 viable reserves of oil have almost doubled while those of gas have leapt three-fold. One distant day a crunch will come，but as it approaches fossil-fuel prices will rise，making alternative forms of energy，perhaps including nuclear power，competitive.That is no reason to spend on nuclear now.
An oil shock is a more worrying prospect，despite today’s low oil price and OPEC’s present inability to budge it upwards.After all，the cartel still sits on 75%of the world’s economically viable reserves，and the politics of the Middle East can change at a stroke.However，even if an oil shock is a real danger，building nuclear reactors is not a good way to avert it.A higher oil price would have a relatively small effect on the supply of electricity—the only sort of energy that nuclear power can now provide.Just over a tenth of the world’s electricity（and 14%of Asia’s）is generated from oil，and the proportion has fallen steadily since 1970.
Besides，there are superior，non-nuclear，ways to prepare for an oil shock.Governments could take advantage of today’s low oil prices to build up their stocks.Especially where congestion and pollution are serious problems，they could try to restrict the growth of car use， or promote cars which guzzle less fuel.For governments keen to reduce electricity’s remaining dependence on oil still further，there are usually cheaper alternatives to nuclear，such as coal or hydropower.
Climate change is a legitimate worry.Although still riddled with uncertainties，the science of climate change is becoming firmer：put too much carbon in the atmosphere and you might end up cooking the earth，with possibly catastrophic results.But here again，switching immediately to nuclear power is not the best response.Cutting the hefty subsidies that go to the world’s coal producers would help tilt the world’s energy balance towards natural gas， which gives off much less carbon dioxide.Developing countries subsidise electricity prices to the tune of up to$120 billion a year，according to World Bank estimates.If prices refiected the true costs of generation，electricity demand would fall，thus cutting greenhouse emissions.
Once the tough job of cutting subsidies is over，governments might want to reduce greenhouse gases further.Again there are carbon-free energies that merit more subsidies than nuclear.The costs of many renewable technologies，such as solar and wind power，have fallen dramatically in recent decades.
Moreover，supporting nuclear power to ward off climate change means swapping one environmental risk for another.Voters in many countries fear radiation like the plague.The risks of nuclear accidents may be tiny，but when they happen they can be catastrophic. Renewables are not without their environmental disadvantages（wind turbines，for example， can be unsightly on hilltops），but are much cleaner than nuclear.The billions rich countries each year pump into nuclear research would be better spent on renewables instead.
Having been invented，nuclear power will not disappear.The nuclear industry still has a job to do，running existing nuclear plants to the end of their lives as cheaply and safely as possible.For now，the case for nuclear power is full of holes.Asia should resist the temptation to throw its money into them.
Questions 1-4
Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS complete the following statements.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1.Nuclear power plants require a great deal of____to build.
2.Two carbon-free forms of energy are____and____.
3.Money presently used for nuclear research could be better spent on____.
4.The nuclear industry should operate nuclear power plants____.
答案及详解
1.costs先读题目，搞懂它的意思，从文章开始处阅读，寻找答案，对应到第2段的第2句：The marginal costs…and decommissioning.
原文中的huge and uncertain对应于题目中的a great deal of。
2.solar（and）wind power
先读题目，搞懂它的意思，从原文第1题的答案开始处阅读，寻找答案，对应到倒数第3段的第2句和第3句：Again there are…in recent decades.
此题比较难，主要是因为它的答案与上一题的答案在原文中相距较远，不好定位。
3.renewables
先读题目，搞懂它的意思，从原文第2题的答案开始处阅读，寻找答案，对应到倒数第2段的最后一句：The billions rich…on renewables instead.
4.cheaply and safely
先读题目，搞懂它的意思，从原文第3题的答案开始处阅读，寻找答案，对应到最后一段的第2句：The nuclear industry…safely as possible.
原文中的running对应于题目中的operate。
细节题——填图填表
一 题型要求
题目中是一个图表或一个表格，其中有一些信息，信息中留出空格，要求根据文章填空。一般没有选项可供选择。
填空题类别较多，所填内容五花八门，但一般都比较容易。有的定位容易——集中于原文中的一个段落里。
二 注意事项
1.注意看表头和题目中的例子。
2.绝大部分的答案来自原文原词。
大部分的答案来自原文原词，而且是原文中连续的几个词。
3.注意词数限制。
绝大部分的题目要求中有词数限制，这时必须满足题目要求。即使题目要求中没有词数限制，答案词数也不会很多，一般不会超过4个词。
三 例题讲解
Winter Sports
The 17th Winter Games，held in Norway in 1994，are part of an Olympic tradition which goes back almost 3，000 years.For more than 1，000 years the ancient Games were held，every four years，on hallowed ground near Mount Olympus，where the Greek gods were said to live.
The Olympics’brought together men from war-torn tribes and states in Greece and its colonies.A sacred truce was declared to allow men to travel to the games in safety.Women could not take part and were forbidden，on pain of death，even to attend the Games.
The ancient Olympics were abolished by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in 393 AD，after Greece had lost its independence.But the idea never died and the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin，an educator and scholar，founded the modern Olympics.His aim was to bring together，once every four years，athletes from all countries on the friendlyfields of amateur sport.No account was to be taken of national rivalries，nor politics，race，religion，wealth or social status.
The first modern Games were held in Athens in 1896，and four years later，in Paris， women began to take part.Although the winter Olympics did not begin until 1924，figure skating was part of the 1908 London summer Olympics；both skating and ice hockey were included in the Antwerp Games in 1920.But generally winter sports were felt to be too specialized. Only cold weather countries had much experience of activities such as skiing—a means of transport overland across ice and snow dunng long winters.
The Scandinavians，for whom skiing is a part of everyday life，had objected to a winter games.They feared it would threaten their own Nordic Games，which had been held every four years since 1901.But the International Olympic Committee（IOC）agreed to stage an international Sports Week in Chamonix，France，in 1924.It was a success and the Scandinavians won 28 of the 43 medals，including nine golds.They dropped their objections and the event was retrospectively named the First Olympic Winter Games.
Apart from the Second World War period the Winter Olympics were held every four years， a few months before the summer Olympics.But in 1986 the IOC changed the schedule so that the summer and winter games would be held in different years.Thus，for the only time in history，the Lillehammer（Norway）Games took place just two years after the previous Winter Olympics which were held in Albertville，France.
Since the Winter Games began，55 out of 56 gold medals in the men’s Nordic skiing events have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union.For teams from warm weather countries，cross-country skiing can pose problems.At the Calgary Games in 1988，one competitor in the 50-kilometre event was so slow that race officials feared he was lost and sent out a search party.Roberto Alvarez of Mexico had never skied more than 20 kilometres before andfinished 61st and last—52 minutes behind the 60th place.
Question 1-4
Complete the table below.Write a date for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
答案及详解
1.393 AD
先读题目，然后在原文中从前向后，寻找时间。第1个含有时间的句子是原文的第1句话，但不是题目所要求的。继续向后寻找，下一句是原文第3段的第1句：The ancient Olympics… lost its independence.
原文中的the ancient Olympics were abolished对应于题目中的Ancient Olympics came to an end。
2.1900
先读题目，在原文中继续向后寻找时间，对应于第4段的一句话：Thefirst modern…to take part.
注意，有简单的四则运算，1896+4=1900。
3.1920
先读题目，在原文中继续向后寻找时间，对应于第4段的一句话：Both skating and… Games in 1920.
ice hockey（冰球）是一种team game。
4.1924
先读题目，在原文中继续向后寻找时间，对应于第4段的一句话：The winter Olympics did not begin until 1924.
细节题——摘要填空
一 题型要求
题目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，我们称之为“摘要”。摘要中有几个地方被去掉，要求考生填空。
按照摘要范围，摘要可分为两种：全文摘要和部分段落摘要。全文摘要，摘要信息来自全文，一般题目空格的数目较多。部分段落摘要，摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，一般题目空格的数目较少。最近的考试中，大部分题型是部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两三段，题目空格的数目在5个左右。对于部分段落摘要，有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落，如Complete the summary below of thefirst two paragraphs of the Reading Passage。但大部分的段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。
按照填空内容，摘要可分为两种：从原文选词和从多个选项中选词。从原文选词，题目要求中常有from the Reading Passage的字样。从多个选项中选词，选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。
二 例题讲解
1.对于从原文选词的题目
（1）要注意题目要求中是否有词数限制。很多要求从原文选词即自己写词的，会有词数要求，如USE ONE OR TWO WORDS等，答案必须满足这个要求。
（2）只能是原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。如原文为virginfibre，答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为advances in the technology，答案不能是technology advances。
（3）对于从原文选词的，越是生词，越可能是答案。下列比较生僻的词sustainable（可持续的）、biodegradable（可生物降解的）、contaminants（废物，杂物）、nostrils（鼻孔）都是题目的答案。
2.对于从选项中选词的题目
（1）要注意看题目要求是回答答案本身，还是回答选项的代表字母。
选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。
有代表字母的例子如下：
A.passengers
B.Moscow
C.fuel efficiency
D.availability of transport
E.vehicles per hour
F.Tokyo
G.passengers per hour
H.singleoccupant automobiles
I.energy policies
J.economic development
K.fuel consumption
L.decentralisation
M.frequency of use
N.Third World cities
这时，在答题纸上肯定是要求答A，B，C，D等。
（2）如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。这时，要特别注意语法规范。这样做的准确率在50%左右（视题目的难易及考生的水平）。所以，除非时间不够，否则建议大家不要这样做。
三 例题讲解
1 People may think that writing as a profession is glamorous；that it is just about sitting down and churning out words on a page，or more likely these days on a computer screen. If only it were true！So what exactly does writing a book entail？Being a writer is about managing a galaxy of contradictory feelings：elation，despair，hope，frustration，satisfaction and depression—and not all separately！Of course，it also involves carrying out detailed research：first to establish whether there is a market for the planned publication，and second into the content of the book.Sometimes，however，instinct takes the place of market research and the contents are dictated not by plans and exhaustive research，but experience and knowledge.
2 Once the publication has been embarked upon，there is a ling period of turmoil as the text takes shape.Afirst draft is rarely thefinal text of the book.Nearly all books are the result of countless hours of altering and re-ordering chunks of text and deleting the embarrassing bits.While some people may think that with new technology the checking and editing process is speeded up，the experienced writer would hardly agree.Unfortunately，advanced technology now allows the luxury of countless editings，a temptation many of usfind hard to resist.So a passage，endlessly re-worked may end up nothing remotely like the original， and completely out of place when compared with the rest of the text.
3 After the trauma of self-editing and looking for howlers，it is time to show the text to other people—friends perhaps，for appraisal.At this stage，it is not wise to send it off to a literary agent or direct to publishers，as it may need further fine-tuning of which the author is unaware.Once an agent has been approached and has rejected a draft publication，it is difficult to go and ask for the revamped text to be considered again.It also helps，at this stage，to offer a synopsis of the book，if it is a novel，or an outline if it is a textbook.This acts as a guide for the author，and a general reference for friends and later for agents.
4 Although it is tempting to send the draft to every possible agent at one time，it is probably unwise.Some agents may reject the publication out of hand，but others may proffer some invaluable advice，for example about content or the direction to be taken.Hints like this may be of use infinally being given a contract by an agent or publisher.
5 The few lucky taken on by publishers or agents，then have their books subjected to a number of readers，whose job is to vet a book：deciding whether it is worth publishing and whether the text as it stands is acceptable or not.After a book is finally accepted by a publisher，one of the greatest difficulties for the writer lies in talking on board the publisher’s alterations to the text.Whilst the overall story and thrust of the book may be acceptable， it will probably have to conform to an in-house style，as regards language，spelling，or punctuation，etc.More seriously，the integrity of the text may be challenged and this may require radical re-drafting which is unpalatable to the author.A book’s creation period is complex and unnerving，but the publisher’s reworkings and text amputations can also be tortuous process.
6 For many writers，the most painful period comes when the text has been accepted，and the writer is waiting for it to be put together for the printer.By this stage，it is not uncommon for the writer to be thoroughly sick of the text.
7 Abandon writing？Nonsense.Once smitten，it is not easy to escape the compulsion to create and write，despite the roller-coaster ride of contradictory emotions.
Questions 1-7
Complete the summary of the reading passage.Choose your answers from the WORD LIST below.
People often associate writing with 1____.But being a writer involves managing confiicting emotions as well as 2____or instinct.Advanced technology，contrary to what might be thought，does not make the 3____faster.When a writer has a draft of the text ready，it is a good idea to have a 4____for friends to look at.If an author is accepted by a publisher，the draft of the book is given to 5____for vetting.6____are then often made， which are not easy for the writer to agree.However，writing is compelling，even though there are 7____.
答案及详解
1.glamour
People often associate writing with 1.（人们常把写作和____相联系。）空格中缺少名词。原文第1句有：People may think that writing as a profession is glamorous.（人们把写作想象成有魅力的职业。）备选项中最合适的答案为glamour。
2.research
But being a writer involves managing confiicting emotions as well as 2____or instinct. 空格和instinct并列，为名词。原文第1段末句有：Sometimes，however，instinct takes the place of market research。与instinct并列的是research。
3.editing process
Advanced technology，contrary to what might be thought，does not make the 3____faster.（与原先的设想相反，改进的技术没有使____加快。）原文第2段有While some people may think that with new technology the checking and editing process is speeded up，the experienced writer would hardly agree.（尽管有人认为，有了新技术，校对和编辑速度会提高，但有经验的作家并不同意这种说法。）结合单词表中的备选项，答案选editing process。
4.summary
When a writer has a draft of the text ready，it is a good idea to have a 4____for friends to look at.（如果作者打好草稿，给朋友们看看____是个好主意。）空格中缺名词。原文第3段有：It also helps，at this stage，to offer a synopsis of the book，if it is a novel，or an outline if it is a textbook.This acts as a guide for the author，and a general reference for friends and later for agents.意思是：应该让朋友看看书的大纲、摘要，以供参考。第2句中的this这里指synopsis（梗概）或outline（提纲），在备选项中对应的是summary。
5.readers
If an author is accepted by a publisher，the draft of the book is given to 5____for vetting. 这里有生词vetting，而答案就是做这个动作的人。原文第5段有：The few lucky taken…vet a book.
6.Alterations
6____are then often made，which are not easy for the writer to agree.（书稿经常要被____，这对作者来说是很难同意的。）空格中缺名词。原文第5段有：After a book is…to the text.（出版商接受书稿后，对于作者来说最大的困难就是接受出版商对原文所做的改动。）答案应填复数的Alterations。
7.ups and downs
However，writing is compelling，even though there are 7____.（尽管有____，写作依然是扣人心弦的。）空格中缺名词。原文第7段有：Abandon writing？…of contradictory emotions.这是一种关系重现：even though对应despite，它们后面对应的成分必然相同——roller-coaster ride of contradictory emotions（坐过山车时起伏矛盾的感觉）对应选项里的ups and downs。
Day 5 必须了解的阅读题型
搭配题
搭配题是雅思最常考的题型之一。搭配题其实也是细节题，但它与我们前面讲的6种细节题最主要的区别在于：题目的顺序与原文的顺序不一致。所以，我们前面讲的6种细节题也可以叫作“有顺序性的细节题”，搭配题则可以叫作“无顺序性的细节题”。搭配题本身分为3种类型：
（1）事物及其特征搭配；
（2）下列信息由原文哪段话包含；
（3）作者及其观点的搭配。
下面，我们分别讲解以上类型。
事物及其特征搭配
一 题型要求
事物及其特征搭配是搭配题中最常考的类型。选项中的事物和题目中的特征是从属的关系，题目要求根据原文，将每个题目与相应的选项搭配。
二 解题方法
1.先将选项和题目从头到尾看一遍，记住尽可能多的关键词。这是做这种题型的关键，否则，就会造成反复阅读原文，浪费时间。
2.从头到尾依顺序快速阅读原文，在阅读原文时，注意寻找所记住的题目中的关键词，如果关键词是专有名词或者很生僻的词，一般在原文中出现的就是该词本身，否则会有同义词或同义表述的对应。
选项常常是一些专有名词，包含大写字母。这时，在阅读原文时，应特别注意包含大写字母的地方，注意其前后的词是否与所记住的关键词相同或相对应。
3.因为在读原文之前，已把题目从头到尾看了一遍，所以最好的情况是只读一遍文章就能做出来绝大多数的题目。比如一组6个题目，能找到4～5个对应选项。
由于有的关键词没有记住，或者有的与原文没有对应上。读完一遍文章后，有的题目答案没有找出来。比如一组6个题目，有1～2个没能找到。这已是很不错的表现了。对于这1～2个题目，可以有如下的解决办法：
（1）如果有印象在文章的某个部位，阅读原文的该部分，确定答案。
（2）如果没有一点感觉，但时间比较充裕，再快速读一遍原文，寻找这几个题的答案。
（3）如果没有一点感觉，而且时间比较紧，可以放弃。
三 例题讲解
The College
The college has the advantage of location in one of the most attractive cities in the country.Within the city of Bath it occupies modern buildings in a landscaped garden on Sion Hill，Lansdown and an adjacent Georgian Crescent，Somerset Crescent，which includes teaching and residential accommodation for post-graduate studies.It also occupies three houses in Sydney Place，which are used for studio and workshop accommodation for part-time courses in the Visual Arts and for the Foundation Course in Art and Design.
The Newton Park site is situated four miles west of Bath between the villages of Newton St Loe and Corston.Within the grounds are a Georgian mansion，where the college’s central administration is located，an Elizabethan dairy，stables and the tower of a medieval manor house；all these older buildings have been adapted to present-day use.A new purpose-built Home Economics block was opened in January 1985.During 1986 a new Sports Hall will be completed and new residential blocks are under construction to be completed ready for the start of the academic year in September 1986；a new Music Block will be completed in 1987.
The Art and Design degree courses which are currently accommodated at Corsham， about nine miles east of Bath，will be moved to the Sion Hill site in Bath by September 1986 thus reinforcing faculty and course links.
The college courses are designed to take advantage of the special opportunities and circumstances provided by its environment.Students have available such resources as the Costume and Fashion Research Centre，the Royal Photographic Centre and the Museum of American Domestic Life at Calverton.Concerts and recitals，including some given by staff and students，take place throughout the year in the Assembly Rooms.
The college uses buildings infive different places.Where are the following things located？
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet write
NP if something is located in Newton Park
C if something is located in Corsham
SH if something is located in Sion Hill
SC if something is located in Somerset Crescent
SP if something is located in Sydney Place
ExampleAnswerA landscaped gardenSH
1.Central Administration
2.Home Economics Block
3.Art and Design Foundation Course
4.Art and Design Degree Course after 1986
5.Post-graduate Residences
6.Sports Hall
7.Music Block
答案及详解
先把选项和题目都看一遍，选项都是专有名词，比较好找。从头到尾快速阅读原文，阅读时，注意寻找含有这些专有名词的句子，阅读这些句子，看是否和某个题目一致。
1.NP 2.NP 3.SP 4.SH
5.SC 6.NP 7.NP
下列信息由原文哪段话包含
一 解题方法
先将题目从头到尾看一遍，划出并尽量记住其中的关键词。然后，从头到尾快速阅读原文，并不断与题目相对照，确定正确答案。
二 注意事项
1.每个题目只能选一个选项。
每个题目只能和原文的一个观点对应，而该观点肯定是有一个人或组织提出来的。
2.有些选项可能会用两次以上。
在原文中，可能会有作者提出两个或更多的观点，而这些观点都出现在了题目中。所以，有些选项可能会用两次以上。
3.有些选项可能用不上。
有的作者虽然在原文中提出了观点，但这些观点没有出现在题目中，所以有些选项可能会用不上。
4.注意与“找段落的小标题”题型的区别。
“找段落的小标题”题型是已知段落找主旨，这种题型是已知信息找段落。信息可能是主旨也可能不是。所以，像“找段落的小标题”题型找主题句的方法对这种题型是不适用的。
三 例题讲解
Questions 1-4
The passage“The Panda’s Last Chance”has 6 paragraphs labeled A-F.
Which paragraphs contain the following information？
Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.You only need ONE letter for each answer.
Note：You may use each letter more than once.
ExampleAnswerWhere panda habitats are located. A
1.The separation of panda groups.
2.The panda’s diet.
3.The illegal killing of pandas.
4.Why pandas’living areas have been reduced.
The Panda’s Last Chance
Chinese authorities have devised an ambitious plan to save the giant panda from the ravages of deforestation.Martin Williams assesses the creature’s chances of avoiding extinction.
A The giant panda，the creature that has become a symbol of conservation，is facing extinction.The major reason is loss of habitat，which has continued despite the establishment，since 1963，of 14 panda reserves.Deforestation，mainly carried out by farmers clearing land to make way forfields as they move higher into the mountains，has drastically contracted the mammal’s range.The panda has disappeared from much of central and eastern China，and is now restricted to the easternfiank of the Himalayas in Sichuan and Gansu provinces，and the Qinling Mountains in Shanxi province.Fewer than 1400 of the animals are believed to remain in the wild.
B Satellite imagery has shown the seriousness of the situation；almost half of the panda’s habitat has been cut or degraded since 1975.Worse，the surviving panda population has also become fragmented；a combination of satellite imagery and ground surveys reveals panda“islands”in patches of forest separated by cleared land.The population of these islands，ranging from fewer than ten to more than 50 pandas，has become isolated because the animals are loath to cross open areas.Just putting a road through panda habitat may be enough to split a population in two.
C The minuscule size of the panda populations worries conservationists.The smallest groups have too few animals to be viable，and will inevitably die out.The larger populations may be viable in the short term，but will be susceptible to genetic defects as a result of inbreeding.
D In these circumstances，a more traditional threat to pandas—the cycle of flowering and subsequent withering of the bamboo that is their staple food—can become literally species-threatening.The flowerings prompt pandas to move from one area to another， thus preventing inbreeding in otherwise sedentary populations.In panda islands，however， bamboofiowering could prove catastrophic because the pandas are unable to emigrate.
E The latest conservation management plan for the panda，prepared by China’s Ministry of Forestry and the World Wide Fund for Nature，aims primarily to maintain panda habitats and to ensure that populations are linked wherever possible.The plan will change some existing reserve boundaries，establish 14 new reserves and protect or replant corridors of forest between panda islands.Other measures include better control of poaching，which remains a problem despite strict laws，as panda skins fetch high prices；reducing the degradation of habitats outside reserves；and reforestation.
F The plan is ambitious.Implementation will be expensive—CNY 56.6 million（US$12.5 million）will be needed for the development of the panda reserves—and will require participation by individuals ranging from villagers to government officials.
答案及详解
先将题目从头到尾看一遍，划出并尽量记住其中的关键词：
1.处于分割状态
2.饮食
3.非法捕杀
4.生活区域缩小的原因
然后，从头到尾快速阅读原文。
读到A段中的句子：
Deforestation，mainly carried out by farmers clearing land to make way forfields as they move higher into the mountains，has drastically contracted the mammal’s range.
这句话指出了熊猫生活区域缩小的原因是deforestation，所以4题的答案为：A。其中，contracted对应于have been reduced，the mammal’s range对应于pandas’living areas。
继续向后阅读，读到B段中的句子：
Worse，the surviving panda population has also become fragmented；a combination of satellite imagery and ground surveys reveals panda“islands”in patches of forest separated by cleared land.
fragmented的意思是：一片一片的，一段一段的。即使不认识这个词，原文中的separated也和1题中的separation相对应。所以1题的答案为：B。
继续向后阅读，读到D段中的句子：
the bamboo that is their staple food
很明显，bamboo和food都对应于2题中的diet，所以2题的答案为：D。
继续向后阅读，读到E段中的句子：
Other measures include better control of poaching，which remains a problem despite strict laws，as panda skins fetch high prices.
即使不认识poaching（偷猎），从原文中的panda skins fetch high prices，可以得出3题的答案为：E。
作者及其观点的搭配
一 题型要求
在原文中，就一个题目，若干人或组织提出了若干个观点，题目要求将观点与其提出者（作者）搭配。这种搭配题也有一个选项的集合和一个题目的集合。题目是观点，选项是作者。
这种题型一般比较难，主要表现在：
1.没有顺序性，即题目的顺序与原文的顺序是不一致的。
2.文章题材多样，有的比较偏。作者提出的观点一般都比较抽象，不好理解。
3.文章句式复杂。一般句子都比较长，有很多都是复合句、并列复合句、多重复合句，容易造成大家理解上的困难。
4.题目中的观点与原文中的对应观点在句子形式上变化较大，造成对应困难。
与事物及其特征搭配题一样，作者及其观点搭配题也没有顺序性。但不能用同样的解题方法。
怎么做事物及其特征搭配题呢？前面介绍的方法是：在阅读文章前，先将题目从头到尾看一遍，记住尽可能多的关键词。
但是不能用这种方法做作者及其观点搭配题。主要是因为题目都是一些观点，意思抽象，句式复杂。如果先将题目从头到尾看一遍，不仅会花很多时间，而且很可能读完题目之后，没有什么印象，也抓不住什么关键词。那么应该怎么做呢？请看下面的解题步骤。
二 解题步骤
1.在原文中将作者及其观点用线划出。
作者都包含大写字母，有的还有年代，表明是什么时候提出来的观点，所以一般都比较好找。他的观点在他的名字之前或者之后。表述观点一般有两种方法：
（1）观点在作者的名字之前
例 In terms of time，women perform approximately 90 percent of child care tasks and 70 percent of all family work，and only 14 percent of fathers are highly participant in terms of time spent on family work（Russell 1983）.
（2）观点在作者的名字之后
例 Demo and Acock（1993），in a recent US study，also found that women continue to perform a constant and major proportion of household labour（68 percent to 95 percent）across all family types（first marriage，divorced，stepfamily or never married），regardless of whether they are employed or nonemployed in paid work.
2.看题目的第一个观点，最好读懂它的意思，或者找出其中几个关键词。
做这种题型，应该一道题一道题地做。先看题目的第一个观点，最好能读懂它的意思或找出其中的几个关键词。
3.将此观点与原文画线处一一对应，意思相同的或关键词对应的观点即为答案。
答案确定后，在原文观点处写上此题的题号。原文的每个观点只能与一个题目相对应，所以将已经与某一题目对应的观点做上标记，在做其他题目时，就不用看这个观点了。
4.依此方法做其他题目。
三 注意事项
1.每个题目只能选一个选项。
每个题目只能和原文的一个观点对应，而该观点肯定是由一个人或组织提出来的。
2.有些选项可能会用两次以上。
在原文中，可能会有作者提出两个或更多的观点，而这些观点都出现在了题目中。所以，有些选项可能会用两次以上。
3.有些选项可能用不上。
有的作者虽然在原文中提出了观点，但这些观点没有出现在题目中，所以有些选项可能会用不上。
4.第一题往往对应文章的后几个观点，最后一题往往对应文章的前几个观点。
作者及其观点的搭配题是没有顺序性的。而且，出题者为了颠倒黑白，混淆是非，给考生造成障碍，第一题往往对应文章的后几个观点，最后一题往往对应文章的前几个观点。这个规律的准确率在80%以上。
我们可以利用这个规律，在找第一题的答案时，重点看文章的后几个观点。在找最后一题的答案时，重点看文章的前几个观点。
四 例题讲解
Right and Left-handedness in Humans
Why do humans，virtually alone among all animal species，display a distinct left or right-handedness？Not even our closest relatives among the apes possess such decided lateral asymmetry，as psychologists call it.Yet about 90 percent of every human population that has ever lived appears to have been right-handed.Professor Bryan Turner at Deakin University has studied the research literature on left-handedness and found that handedness goes with sidedness.So nine out of ten people are right-handed and eight are right-footed.He noted that this distinctive asymmetry in the human population is itself systematic.“Humans think in categories：black and white，up and down，left and right.It’s a system of signs that enables us to categorise phenomena that are essentially ambiguous.”
Research has shown that there is a genetic or inherited element to handedness.But while left-handedness tends to run in families，neither left nor right handers will automatically produce offspring with the same handedness；in fact about 6 percent of children with two right-handed parents will be left-handed.However，among two left-handed parents，perhaps 40 percent of the children will also be left-handed.With one right and one left-handed parent，15 to 20 percent of the offspring will be left-handed.Even among identical twins who have exactly the same genes，one in six pairs will differ in their handedness.
What then makes people left-handed if it is not simply genetic？Other factors must be at work and researchers have turned to the brain for clues.In the 1860s the French surgeon and anthropologist，Dr Paul Broca，made the remarkablefinding that patients who had lost their powers of speech as a result of a stroke（a blood clot in the brain）had paralysis of the right half of their body.He noted that since the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right half of the body，and vice versa，the brain damage must have been in the brain’s left hemisphere. Psychologists now believe that among right-handed people，probably 95 percent have their language centre in the left hemisphere，while 5 percent have right-sided language.Left-handers，however，do not show the reverse pattern but instead a majority also have their language in the left hemisphere.Some 30 percent have right hemisphere language.
Dr Brinkman，a brain researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra，has suggested that evolution of speech went with right-handed preference.According to Brinkman， as the brain evolved，one side became specialized forfine control of movement（necessary for producing speech）and along with this evolution came right-hand preference.According to Brinkman，most left-handers have left hemisphere dominance but also some capacity in the right hemisphere.She has observed that if a left-handed person is brain-damaged in the left hemisphere，the recovery of speech is quite often better and this is explained by the fact that left-handers have a more bilateral speech function.
In her studies of macaque monkeys，Brinkman has noticed that primates（monkeys）seem to learn a hand preference from their mother in thefirst year of life but this could be one hand or the other.In humans，however，the specialisation in function of the two hemispheres results in anatomical differences：areas that are involved with the production of speech are usually larger on the left side than on the right.Since monkeys have not acquired the art of speech， one would not expect to see such a variation but Brinkman claims to have discovered a trend in monkeys towards the asymmetry that is evident in the human brain.
Two American researchers，Geschwind and Galaburda，studied the brains of human embryos and discovered that the left-right asymmetry exists before birth.But as the brain develops，a number of things can affect it.Every brain is initially female in its organization and it only becomes a male brain when the male foetus begins to secrete hormones.Geschwind and Galaburda knew that different parts of the brain mature at different rates；the right hemisphere developsfirst，then the left.Moreover，a girl’s brain develops somewhat faster than that of a boy.So，if something happens to the brain’s development during pregnancy，it is more likely to be affected in a male and the hemisphere more likely to be involved is the left.The brain may become less lateralised and this in turn could result in left-handedness and the development of certain superior skills that have their origins in the left hemisphere such as logic，rationality and abstraction.It should be no surprise then that among mathematicians and architects，left-handers tend to be more common and there are more left-handed males than females.
The results of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who have for centuries lived in a world designed to suit right-handed people.However，what is alarming， according to Mr Charles Moore，a writer and journalist，is the way the word“right”reinforces its own virtue.Subliminally he says，language tells people to think that anything on the right can be trusted while anything on the left is dangerous or even sinister.We speak of left-handed compliments and according to Moore，“it is no coincidence that left-handed children， forced to use their right hand，often develop a stammer as they are robbed of their freedom of speech”.However，as more research is undertaken on the causes of left-handedness，attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing for the better.Indeed when the champion tennis player Ivan Lendl was asked what the single thing was that he would choose in order to improve his game，he said he would like to become a left-hander.
Questions 1-7
Use the information in the text to match the people（listed A-E）with the opinions（listed 1-7）below.Write the appropriate letter（A-E）in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.Some people match more than one opinion.
A.Dr Broca B.Dr Brinkman
C.Geschwind and Galaburda D.Charles Moore
E.Professor Turner
ExampleAnswerMonkeys do not show a species speciifc preference forleft or right-handedness.B
1.Human beings started to show a preference for right-handedness when they first developed language.
2.Society is prejudiced against left-handed people.
3.Boys are more likely to be left-handed.
4.After a stroke，left-handed people recover their speech more quickly than right-handed people.
5.People who suffer strokes on the left side of the brain usually lose their power of speech.
6.The two sides of the brain develop different functions before birth.
7.Asymmetry is a common feature of the human body.
答案及详解
先在原文中将作者用线划出，然后看题目，一道题一道题地做。
1.B
先读题目，读懂它的意思。然后在原文画线处（即作者的名字）前后仔细阅读，对应到原文第4段。
2.D
对应到原文最后一段。
3.C
对应到原文倒数第2段。
4.B
对应到原文第4段。
5.A
对应到原文第3段。
6.C
对应到原文倒数第2段。
7.E
对应到原文第1段。
再次证明：最后一题的答案往往在文章的前部。
全文主旨题及其他题型
一 全文主旨题
题目要求你说出一篇文章的主旨，即整篇文章的中心意思。
1.题目以四选一或五选一的形式出现。
2.题干中常有the aim of the writer（作者写文章的目的）、the title（文章的标题）、the main theme（文章的主旨）等词。
3.最后做全文主旨题。
不管全文主旨题是文章的第一题还是最后一题，都在做完该篇文章的其他题目后，再做全文主旨题。这时，常常不需再看文章，就可直接做出来。一般全文主旨题还是比较简单的。
具体例题，请详见以后的综合练习。
二 特殊题型
有些题型，不能归为前面9种题型中的任何一种，通常只在一篇文章中出现，没有通用性。做这种题型时，要注意：
1.看懂题目非常重要，往往需要较多时间。
2.题目通常具有顺序性，按照顺序性依次做题。
Disappearing Fish
1 Sea fishing grew rapidly in the decades after the Second World War.Mechanisation increased the fishermen’s catch in traditional grounds and then carried them to distant waters for more.After the world catch had tripled to over 60 million tones in only 20 years， fishing developed more slowly in the 1970s and 1980s，like the rest of the oil-shocked world economy.In 1989，when the sea catch rose above 86 million tones，the growth stopped.
2 In 1990 and 1991，the two most recent years for which the Food and Agriculture Organisation（FAO）hasfigures，the world catch began to shrink.It has not been a dramatic fall—only a few percent overall.But experts at the FAO，in common with manyfisheries scientists，now believe that the limit to sustainable catches of wild fish was exceeded decades earlier.In more and more waters，too fewfish have been left in the sea to maintain levels needed for spawning.Thusfishermen are consuming the very resource that should yield their catch.
3 When catches of the most valuablefish in the waters of the northern hemisphere，such as turbot and halibut，started to fail，fleets began instead to chase other species that had been thrown back as“trash”only a generation before—whiting，spiny dogfish and others.They alsofished distant waters and found massive catches of a few other low- value species.The FAO notes that it was these short-lived catches—of fish such as Alaska Pollack，Peruvian anchoveta and Japanese pilchard—that greatly increased the total world catch in the 1980s.
4 But the true，downward trend infishing worldwide was masked because these catches were measured in tones，not dollars.Moreover，the world’s 3 million or sofishing boats cannot hope for further yields of that kind.There are no more waters and few species that have not been explored.The world’sfishermen say they operate at a loss：$22 billion in 1989，not counting capital expenditure or profit from unreported illegal catches.
5 Almost all the 200 fisheries monitored by the FAO are fully exploited.One in three is depleted or heavily overexploited，almost all in the developed countries.Governments have encouraged this excess，by subsidizingfishermen，often as a form of regional aid and in response to failing catches.Althoughfishermen still catch relatively few of the 15，000 existing species offish，most of the remainder is expensive to catch，taste bad，or both.
6 Overfishing is not the only threat to the world’sfisheries，although it is the most severe. Development and pollution are also reducingfish numbers.According to Paul Brouha， director of the American Fisheries Society，between 11 and 15 million salmon once spawned in the Columbia River system.Now there are only 3 million，of which 2.75 million are spawned artificially.So much of the river system has been dammed that only 250，000 salmon canfind their way back to old spawning grounds.According to a recent study，three-quarters of the American catch comprises species that depend upon estuaries（often as a habitat for youngfish，which can safely feed in the shallow waters）.
7 But estuaries are themselves vulnerable.Almost a third of the world’s 5.5 billion people live within 60 kilometers of the sea，polluting inshore waters with effiuent from industry， and farmland.Lagoons and wetlands arefilled to make land；mangrove forests are cut down，fresh water is taken in large quantities upstream，affecting the salinity of estuaries and the growth of youngfish.
8 For all the damage that they cause，overfishing and pollution rarely lead to extinction （though even this is possible for a few large，slow-growing and valuable species，such as the bluefin tuna）.Nor，at least for many years yet，willfish be off the menu for those who have enough money.Indeed，as the price offish climbs and biotechnology develops， the most valuablefish will increasingly be farmed.Fish farming，or aquaculture，yielded more than 12 million tones in 1990，and is growing by more than 10%a year.Finfish make up almost 70%of the total，shellfish a quarter，and shrimp about 6%.But intensive fish farming tends to damage coastlines.And，though the technology is developing rapidly the FAO doubts whether farmedfish will account for more than 12%of worldfish consumption by the end of the century.
9 A fish shortage has other economic and social consequences.Fish prices have been rising since the early 1980s.Fish is the most important source of animal protein in some countries，especially poor ones.Moreover，as overfishing spreads to poorer countries，the effects may be more severe than in the richer ones.This is partly because，overfishing threatens to engulf local fisheries more rapidly，and partly because more jobs are at stake：traditionalfisheries employ 20 times as many people as the industrialfisheries that are replacing them，according to London’s Panos Institute，andfishermen tend to live in places where few other jobs are available.
Questions 1-5
Based on the information in this reading passage，“Disappearing Fish”，indicate the relationship between each of the two items listed below by identifying：
PR if there is a positive relationship；
NR if there is a negative relationship；
L/N if there is little or no relationship；
NI if there is no information.
Write the appropriate Letters（PR，NR，L/N，or NI）in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
ExampleAnswer catch of a particular speciessustainability of that speciesNR
答案及详解
可以看作是配对题和T/F/NG的结合题型。先读懂题目要求：题干和选项之间是正比关系选PR，题干和选项之间是反比关系选NR，题干和选项之间没关系选L/N，原文没有提及两者的关系答案选NI。
“鱼的数量和产卵水平。”关键词出现在第2段：In more and more waters，too few fish have been left in the sea to maintain levels needed for spawning.（在越来越多的水域里，剩下的鱼数量太少，以致不能保证产卵所需要水平。）这证明鱼的数量越少，产卵水平就越低，两者间呈正比关系。
2.PR
“捕鱼津贴和对渔场的开发。”关键词在文章第5段：Almost all the 200fisheries monitored by the FAO are fully exploited.One in three is depleted or heavily overexploited，almost all in the developed countries.Governments have encouraged this excess，by subsidizingfishermen， often as a form of regional aid and in response to failing catches.可见，政府给渔民的津贴助长了滥捕行为。即补助越多，捞得越多，渔场开发得越彻底——正比关系。
3.NR
“河流筑坝的程度和自然产卵水平。”关键词在文章第6段：Development and pollution are also reducingfish numbers.According to Paul Brouha，director of the American Fisheries Society，between 11 and 15 million salmon once spawned in the Columbia River system.Now there are only 3 million，of which 2.75 million are spawned artificially.So much of the river system has been dammed that only 250，000 salmon canfind their way back to old spawning grounds.文中的once和now呈现出时间强对比：以前产卵的鱼数量很多，现在锐减。“整条河上筑了许多大坝，以致（300万条鱼中）只有25万条能回到以前的产卵地水域（自然产卵）。”即筑坝程度越高，自然产卵的水平越低。两者之间是反比关系。
4.L/N
“水污染和鱼类灭绝。”关键词在第8段首句：For all the damage that they cause，overfishing and pollution rarely lead to extinction（过度捕捞和污染很少导致物种灭绝）。可见两者没有关系。
5.NI
“鱼类的价值和成功养殖鱼类。”原文没有提到这两个方面，所以两者无关。