第49章 MONEY OR SIMPLE CIRCULATION(30)

[8.]Petty，Political Arithmetick ，p.196[9.]Francois Bernier，Voyages contenant la deion des états du Grand Mogol ，Paris edition of 1830，t.1，cf.pp.312-14[10.]Doctor Martin Luther，Bucher vom Kaufhandel und Wucher ，1524.Luther writes in the same passage："God has brought it about that we Germans must thrust our gold and silver into foreign countries making all the world rich while we ourselves remain beggars.England would surely have less gold if Germany refused to take her cloth，and the King of Portugal，too，would have less，if we refused to take his spices.If you calculate how much money is extracted，without need or cause from the German territories during one fair at Frankfurt，you wili wonder how it comes about that even a single farthing is still left in Germany.Frankfurt is the silver and gold drain through which everything that arises and grows，that is minted or struck here flows out of the country；if this hole were plugged one would not hear the present complaint that there is everywhere unmitigated debts and no money，that the entire country and all the towns are despoilt by usury.But never mind things will nevertheless continue in this way：

we Germans have to remain Germans，we do not desist unless we have to."In the above-quoted work Misselden wants gold and silver to be retained at all events within the bounds of Christendom："The other forreine remote causes of the want of money，are the Trades maintained out of Christendome to Turky，Persia and the East Indies，which trades are maintained for the most part with ready money，yet in a different manner from the trades of Christendome within it selfe.For although the trades within Christendome are driven with ready monies，yet those monies are still contained and continued within the bounds of Christendome.There is indeede a fluxus and refluxus，a flood and ebbe of the monies of Christendome traded within it selfe；for sometimes there is more in one part of Christendome，sometimes there is lesse in another，as one Countrey wanteth and another aboundeth：It cometh and goeth，and wirleth about the Circle of Christendome，but is still contained within the compasse thereof.But the money that is traded out of Christendome into the parts aforesaid is continually issued out and never returneth againe.

[11.]"But from money first springs avarice ...this grows by stages into a kind of madness，no longer merely avarice but a positive hunger for gold."(Plinius，Historia naturalis ，L.XXXIII，C.III.)[12.]Horace，therefore，knows nothing of the philosophy of hoarding treasures，when he says (Satir.L.II，Satir.III)："If a man were to buy harps，and soon as bought were to pile them together，though feeling no interest in the harp or any Muse；if，though no cobbler，he did the same with shoes，knives and lasts；with ships'sails，though set against a trader's life --everyone would call him crazy and mad，and rightly too.How differs from these the man who hoards up silver and gold，though he knows not how to use his store，and fears to touch it as though hallowed？"[Horace，Satires，Epistles，Ars Poetica ，London，1942，p.163.]

Mr.Senior knows more about the subject：

"Money seems to be the only object for which the desire is universal；and it is so，because money is abstract wealth .Its possessor may satisfy at will his requirements whatever they may be."Principes fondamentaux de l'économie politique ，traduit par le Comte Jean Arrivabene，Paris，1836，p.221[The English passage is taken from Senior Political Economy ，1850，p.27].And Storch as well："As money represents all other forms of wealth，one needs only to accumulate it in order to obtain all other kinds of wealth that exist on earth"(op.cit.，t.II，p.135)[13.]How little the inner man of the individual owner of commodities has changed even when he has become civilised and turned into a capitalist is for instance proved by a London representative of an international banking house who displayed a framed £100，000note as an appropriate family coat of arms.The point in this case is the derisory and supercilious air with which the note looks down upon circulation.

[14.]See the passage from Xenophon quoted later [15.]Jacob，op.cit.，Vol.11，ch.25and 26[16.]"In times of great agitation and insecurity，especially during internal commotions or invasions，gold and silver articles are rapidly converted into rnoney；whilst，during periods of tranquillity and prosperity，money is converted into plate and jewellery"(op.cit.，Vol.II，p.357).